Effects of urbanization on heavy metal accumulation in surface soils, Beijing

Urbanization processes affect the accumulation of heavy metals in urban soils. Effects of urbanization on heavy metal accumulation in soils were studied using Beijing as an example. It has been suggested that the ecological function of vegetation covers shifting from natural to agricultural settings and then to urban greenbelts could increase the zinc(Zn) concentrations of soils successively. The Zn concentration of urban soils was significantly correlated to the percentage of the impervious land surface at the500 m × 500 m spatial scale. For urban parks, the age or years since the development accounted for 80% of the variances of cadmium(Cd) and Zn in soils. The population density,however, did not affect the heavy metal distributions in urban soils. To conclude, the urban age turned out to be a notable factor in quantifying heavy metal accumulation in urban soils.     

Characterization of precipitation in the background of atmospheric pollutants reduction in Guilin: Temporal variation and source apportionment

Rainfall samples were collected from three observation sites in Guilin from 2013 to 2017, and the chemical composition characteristics of precipitation and the contribution made by different ion sources were analyzed when atmospheric pollutants levels were reduced. The results showed that acid gas emissions and atmospheric pollutant concentrations continued to decline during the study period. However, the change in the volume-weighted mean pH at the three sites suggested that acid rain pollution was not alleviated and began to deteriorate after 2015. The continuing downward trend for alkaline neutralizing ions (Ca²⁺, NH₄⁺) in precipitation indicated that the reduction in alkaline neutralizing substances in the atmosphere was an important factor that led to the deterioration in acid rain across Guilin. The principal component analysis and spearman correlation analysis indicated five sources of ions in precipitation. Quantitative assessment of these five sources indicated that fossil fuel combustion contributed the most ions concentration in precipitation at the three sites, followed by agriculture, terrestrial (crustal) sources, marine sources, and biomass burning. Long-distance airflow might affect the acidity, the electrical conductivity (EC), and ion concentrations in precipitation across Guilin. The airflow trajectory from the west and southeast directions corresponded to higher acidity and ion concentrations. According to the current air pollution control strategy planned by Guilin, reducing atmospheric coarse particles and NH₃ at the same time may potentially lead to further deteriorations in acid rain contents. Therefore, Guilin needs to develop more reasonable pollution prevention measures that synergistically control atmospheric pollutants and acid rain pollution.     

利用化学混凝法处理钻井污水实验研究

采用化学混凝法对江汉油田钻井污水进行了室内处理实验。实验结果表明,污水处理时所选絮凝剂的种类、加入量、加入顺序、温度和加入后的沉降时间等都会影响处理效果。采用单一无机化学药剂,沉降速度较慢,故考虑将无机和有机药剂复配使用,即利用先加无机药剂后再加入有机药剂的顺序处理该油田钻井废水。该实验结果为油田钻井污水无害化处理提供了基础资料。     

某商厦裙房大梁开裂原因分析

从施工反演分析、结构分析、配筋构造影响和混凝土收缩影响等方面分析了某商厦裙房大梁开裂的原因。     

对美国、日本和中国预警机制现状的评述

突发公共事件是当今世界各国面临的共同威胁，但是，人类在防灾救灾方面仍然存在着一些缺陷。面对突发公共事件危机各国各政府都有自己的预警机制。尤其是一些发达国家建立了较为完善的预警机制，比如美国、日本等国的预警机制对于一些发展中国家建立预警机制有着重要的借鉴意义。中国在应对突发公共事件方面虽然存在着一些缺陷，但是，在建立应对突发公共事件预警机制方面，也进行了积极的探索和实践。     

硫酸厂工人外周血淋巴细胞微核率的研究

SO₂是硫酸厂、冶炼厂和火力发电厂等厂矿及其周围环境最常见的大气污染物之一。虽然有的研究者曾设想SO₂可能引起细胞染色体改变甚至诱发癌症,但有关SO₂引起细胞染色体损伤效应的研究甚少。近年来,Nordenson等曾报道,接触SO₂的工人其外周血淋巴细胞染色体畸变率增高。目前多数学者认为染色体断裂后遗留下来的无着丝粒断片可在细胞分裂后期仍留在细胞质中而形成微核,加之微核测定又是比染色体畸变分析较为简单、快速的细胞遗传学方法,故国际致突物和致癌物防护委员会(ICPEMC)将此项技术列为致突致癌研究的必测项目之一。     

Analysis of Influences between the Energy Structure Change and Energy Intensity in China

In this article, based on the data of the energy statistics from 1980 to 2004, we analyze the relationship between the primary energy structures, technique, management, and the energy use per unit of GDP based on the path analysis approach and present the degree of the direct, indirect, and the overall influences of the primary energy structures on the energy use per unit of GDP. The results show that the technical change and management level play a decisive role in the energy use per unit of GDP, and the ratio of oil consumption was the major limiting factor to energy use per unit of GDP. We then found the model of the energy use per unit of GDP and the structures of the primary energy consumption, eliminated the multicollinearity in the model with the path analysis result, and finally, analyzed the influence of the primary energy structure on the energy conservation.     

主成分分析法优化治理黑臭水体的碳素纤维铺设密度

在治理黑臭水体的碳素纤维铺设密度优化研究中,借助统计学软件(SIMCA-P),以4个指标(COD、TP、NH3-N、TN)作为分析变量,探讨了单指标优化法与主成分分析法分析样本数据的差别。结果表明:单指标优化法可以确定4个指标各自的最优铺设密度,而主成分分析法能综合4个指标的信息进行分析,并优选出碳素纤维的最优铺设密度为40 cm2/L,为碳素纤维的综合运用提供参考依据。     

臭氧对中温循环冷却水系统的缓蚀性能研究

循环冷却水系统中普遍存在结垢腐蚀现象,目前常用的解决方法是在系统中加入缓蚀阻垢药剂,臭氧(O3)对循环水冷却系统同时具备阻垢、缓蚀、杀菌等多重功能。采用臭氧处理中温循环冷却水,研究在不同臭氧投加量时系统的腐蚀情况,确定最佳投加量。结果表明:当臭氧投加量为4.5 mg/L时,20碳钢和铸铁的缓蚀能力最佳。20碳钢腐蚀率最低为0.228 mm/a,比空白对照组降低了75%;铸铁的最低腐蚀率为0.282 mm/a,比空白对照组降低了61.5%。当臭氧投加量为9.0 mg/L时,镀锌试片的腐蚀率在0.206~0.275 mm/a,比空白对照组降低了38.2%左右,缓蚀效果较为明显。