压实黄土抗剪强度参数影响因素研究

为了进一步研究河南三门峡地区黄土抗剪强度的影响因素,采用应变控制式三轴仪对不同含水量、不同压实度下的重塑黄土进行不固结不排水三轴试验。试验结果表明:相同压实度下,随着含水量的增加,应力应变关系曲线由弱应变硬化向强应变硬化转变;粘聚力与内摩擦角均随含水量的增加而减小,粘聚力与含水量的变化呈明显负线性相关,内摩擦角与含水量无明显的相关性。相同含水量下,粘聚力与内摩擦角随压实度的增加而逐渐增大,且呈现出明显的指数相关。含水量对抗剪强度参数的影响比压实度大。对以上强度参数采用最小二乘法进行拟合,得出考虑含水率和压实度的抗剪强度相关关系式,能够较为准确的反映在某种试验条件下强度参数的变化规律,为实际工程应用和数值模拟提供依据。     

城市交通与环境可持续发展指标体系评估系统研究——上海案例应用

可持续发展是一种将社会发展概念从单纯经济增长拓展到经济、社会、环境协调发展的城市发展新模式.交通环境的可持续发展在整个发展体系中占据着重要地位.本文针对目前大城市普遍面临的交通环境压力和经济、交通与环境系统的复杂性,通过构建经济-交通-环境间的压力与响应关系,建立了可用于"回顾过去、解析现状、瞻望未来"的城市交通环境可持续发展指标体系.采用隶属函数对单项指标进行标准化处理,对交通环境可持续发展综合指数的评价,采用层次分析法确定各指标的权重.采用Visual Basic 6.0及Office的Access 2000,开发了交通环境可持续发展指标体系评估系统,并以上海市为案例进行了研究.本系统的开发可为城市交通环境可持续状况评价及发展对策的制定提供技术支持.     

长三角区域人为源活性挥发性有机物高分辨率排放清单

基于长三角区域41个城市本地实测,结合美国EPA的SPECIATE 4.4数据库,建立了长三角区域人为源活性挥发性有机物(VOCs)高分辨率排放清单,分析了区域内VOCs的排放特征和组分构成;计算了VOCs的臭氧生成潜势(OFP)和二次有机气溶胶生成潜势(SOAP).结果表明,2017年,长三角区域人为源VOCs排放总量为4.9×10⁶ t,其中工艺过程源、工业溶剂使用源、移动源、生活源、储运源、农业源和废弃物处理源排放贡献分别为：34.3%、27.1%、19.5%、9.7%、6.1%、2.5%和0.4%.芳香烃和烷烃是VOCs的主要种类,均各占长三角VOCs排放总量的25%.工艺过程源、工业溶剂使用源、移动源和生活源OFP贡献率分别为38.3%、21.5%、16.4%和13.2%,SOAP贡献率分别为26.2%、34.1%、18.1%和17.9%,与VOCs排放量的主要贡献源基本一致.各城市VOCs重点排放行业存在较大差异,重点城市群以石化化工和装备制造为主,区域北部则以木材家具等涂装行业为主.计算表明,丙烯、间/对-二甲苯和乙烯是臭氧主要贡献源;甲苯、1,2,...     

城市污水石灰法深度处理工艺中有毒物质的变化规律

分别采用7-乙氧基异酚恶唑酮．脱乙基酶（EROD）活性测定法，重组人激素受体基因的酵母测试和Q67发光菌试验方法，对北京市某生活污水处理厂的进水、二沉出水以及经过石灰法深度处理后的出水中的类二恶英物质、类雌激素物质和急性毒性物质进行了分析。进水中的三类生物毒性效应物质中的急性毒性物质，可通过活性污泥法基本去除，而对类雌激素物质和类二恶英物质的去除率分别为76％和52％。经过石灰沉淀法的深度处理后，可使上述两类物质的总去除率达到95％和68％。出水中的雌激素当量水平与欧洲国家污水处理厂出水水平相当，而类二恶英物质的总浓度低于美国EPA饮用水中二恶英的最大允许浓度。展示了生物毒性测试方法在排水生态风险和工艺评价方面的应用潜力。     

Assessing heavy metal pollution in the surface soils of a region that had undergone three decades of intense industrialization and urbanization

Heavy metals in the surface soils from lands of six different use types in one of the world’s most densely populated regions, which is also a major global manufacturing base, were analyzed to assess the impact of urbanization and industrialization on soil pollution. A total of 227 surface soil samples were collected and analyzed for major heavy metals (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) by using microwave-assisted acid digestion and inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Multivariate analysis combined with enrichment factors showed that surface soils from the region (>7.2?×?10⁴ km²) had mean Cd, Cu, Zn, and As concentrations that were over two times higher than the background values, with Cd, Cu, and Zn clearly contributed by anthropogenic sources. Soil pollution by Pb was more widespread than the other heavy metals, which was contributed mostly by anthropogenic sources. The results also indicate that Mn, Co, Fe, Cr, and Ni in the surface soils were primarily derived from lithogenic sources, while Hg and As contents in the surface soils were controlled by both natural and anthropogenic sources. The pollution level and potential ecological risk of the surface soils both decreased in the order of: urban areas?>?waste disposal/treatment sites?～?industrial areas?>?agricultural lands?～?forest lands?>?water source protection areas. These results indicate the significant need for the development of pollution prevention and reduction strategies to reduce heavy metal pollution for regions undergoing fast industrialization and urbanization.     

火电厂烟气脱硫工艺国产化初探

火电厂排放的SO2形成酸雨已严重危害人类生存环境。国家把解决烟气脱硫问题纳入大政方针之中，强制要求火电厂必须安装烟气脱硫装置。文章介绍了几种目前国际上较为成熟的脱硫工艺，并对各种工艺进行了比较，分析了国内烟气脱硫市场，并就脱硫技术国产化问题提出若干看法。     

Biodegradation of phthalate esters by two bacteria strains

In this study two aerobic phthalic acid ester (PAE) degrading bacteria strains, DK4 and O18, were isolated from river sediment and petrochemical sludge, respectively. The two strains were found to rapidly degrade PAE with shorter alkyl-chains such diethyl phthalate (DEP), dipropyl phthalate (DPrP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), benzylbutyl phthalate (BBP) and diphenyl phthalate (DPP) are very easily biodegraded, while PAE with longer alkyl-chains such as dicyclohexyl phthalate (DCP) and dihexyl phthalate (DHP) and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) are poorly degraded. The degradation rates of the eight PAEs were higher for strain DK4 than for strain O18. In the simultaneous presence of strains DK4 and O18, the degradation rates of the eight PAEs examined were enhanced. When the eight PAEs were present simultaneously, degradation rates were also enhanced. We also found that PAE degradation was delayed by the addition of nonylphenol or selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at a concentration of 1 microg/g in the sediment. The bacteria strains isolated, DK4 and O18, were identified as Sphigomonas sp. and Corynebacterium sp., respectively.     

湘江干流水环境健康风险评价

为研究湘江水环境污染对人体健康产生的危害风险,在简要介绍健康风险评价方法及国内外研究、应用进展的基础上,建立了水环境健康风险评价模式,应用2000年的水质监测资料,对湘江干流主要断面进行了水环境健康风险评价.结果表明,在所评价断面中,非致癌物质由饮水途径所致健康危害的个人年风险按大小排列为Pb＞Hg＞NH3＞酚;化学致癌物质由饮水途径所致健康危害的个人年风险按大小排列为As＞Cd;化学致癌物质对人体健康危害的个人年风险远超过非致癌物质;污染最为严重的为松柏断面,其次是五星断面和三叉矶断面.湘江干流衡阳以上江段水质良好,衡阳以下江段水质较差.研究对湘江干流水污染防治方略的制定具有一定价值.     

清洁生产实现形式的研究

针对世界范围的清洁生产实践，通过多角度考察，文章提出了实现清洁生产的５种形式：（１）企业自觉开展清洁生产；（２）在国际公约约束下实现清洁生产；（３）清洁生产示范点；（４）企业发展中实现清洁生产；（５）政府对清洁生产的推动。