大气污染物垂直梯度自动监测系统的研制

设计的大气污染物垂直梯度自动监测系统是用 2个电磁阀实现 3个高度的气体采样 ,依靠分析仪器自身的抽气泵将气体样品通过聚四氟乙烯管抽入各分析仪器进行测量 ,并用一台微机和一块 AD/DA转换板实施对电磁阀的控制和数据采集 .现场观测实验表明 ,对于 25m长的采样管清洗时间可设置 1 min,而采样管长度间的差异不会导致测量 O₃、SO₂、NO和 NO₂ 小时平均浓度存在显著性差异 .     

Desulfurization of coke oven gas from the coking of coking coal blended with a sorbent and waste plastic

A new way to implement the simultaneous reutilization of solid waste, the desulfurization of coke oven gas (COG), and even the desulfurization of coke by the co-coking of coking coal (CC) and waste plastic (WP) blended with a sorbent is proposed; the evolution of H₂S and the removal efficiency of H₂S from COG during the co-coking process were investigated in a lab-scale cylindrical reactor. The experimental results indicated that for the coking of CC blended with ZnO, Fe₂O₃, or blast furnace dust (BFD) as a sorbent, the instantaneous concentration of H₂S in COG was lower than 500 mg/m³ (which meets the technical specification requirement of the Chinese Cleaner Production Standard–Coking Industry, HJ/T 126-2003) when the molar ratio between the key component of the sorbent and the volatile S in CC or the CC/WP blend, n _Zn+Fe/n _S, was about 1.2 for ZnO and Fe₂O₃, but not for BFD under the same conditions, suggesting that ZnO and Fe₂O₃ are promising sorbents, but that BFD must be treated chemical or thermally before being used as a sorbent because of the size and complicated nature of the influence of its phase/chemical composition on its desulfurization ability. However, for the co-coking of CC and WP blended with ZnO as a sorbent, n _Zn+Fe/n _S must increase to 1.4 and 1.7 for 100/2 and 100/5 blends of CC/WP, respectively, to ensure a satisfactory efficiency for H₂S removal from COG. Part of this paper was presented at the International Symposium on EcoTopia Science 2005 (ISET05), Aug 8–9, 2005, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan     

化学品立法与环境保护

随着化学工业的快速发展,我国化学品的产量和贸易量呈逐年增加的趋势,因化学品所导致的环境污染也越来越严重.伴随着化学品贸易与环境管理的国际一体化趋势以及国内对环境保护的呼声越来越高,迫切要求建立、健全化学品环境管理法规.在对比分析了美国、欧盟、日本等发达国家或地区化学品立法特征的基础上,阐述了我国在化学品立法方面存在的缺陷,如预防预警、源头控制理念不足,缺乏优先管理和风险管理制度,监督管理环节薄弱,以及缺乏各部门之间协调配合的监督管理机制等;分析了我国化学品立法的必要性和紧迫性,提出了重点针对有毒有害化学物质进行管理的预防为主、源头控制、风险管理以及全过程管理的立法理念,并对立法管理对象以及需建立的管理制度和标准等主要内容提出了建议.      

降解2,4-二氯酚的厌氧颗粒污泥-悬浮载体生物膜反应器中古细菌的种群结构

采用古细菌特异性引物ARC21F/ARC958R对污泥样品的总DNA进行聚合酶链式反应(PCR)、克隆、序列分析等,研究了降解2,4-二氯酚(2,4-dichlorophenol, 2,4-DCP)的厌氧颗粒污泥-悬浮载体生物膜反应器(Anaerobic granular sludge-suspended carrier biofilm reactor, ASBR)中古细菌的种群分布.结果表明,接种污泥和ASBR各层污泥中存在共有的古细菌: Methanothrix soehngenii和Uncultured archaeon等, M. soehngenii、uncultured archaeon TA05和uncultured archaeon TA04在接种污泥和ASBR各层污泥中的分布为:接种污泥的丰度＜上层的丰度＜中层的丰度＜下层的丰度. uncultured archaeon 44A-1、uncultured archaeon 39-2、uncultured archaeon 46-1和uncultured archaeon 69-1的分布为:接种污泥的丰度＞上层的丰度＞中层的丰度＞下层的丰度.经2,4-DCP驯化后, ASBR上层悬浮填料区出现特有的古细菌unidentified crenarchaeote等,下层厌氧颗粒污泥区特有的古细菌为uncultured archaeon ZAR106等.接种污泥特有的6种古细菌Methanosaeta concilii等经2,4-DCP驯化后消亡,污泥中古细菌多样性减少,以下层颗粒污泥中古细菌种群丰度的变化最为明显.图2表2参21     

100年来东湖富营养化发生的沉积学记录

在210Pb计年的基础上,运用水生生物遗存、色素、有机碳同位素和磁化率分析了东湖钻孔沉积物中的生物与环境信息,重建了东湖100多年来湖泊营养与环境演化历史.研究发现东湖100多年来在人类活动不断增强的背景下,指示重金属污染的磁化率和指示湖泊富营养化的色素指标如蓝藻叶黄素(Myx)、颤藻黄素(Osc)快速上升,相应的水生生物如介形虫、腹足类、水生高等植物等表现明显的组合和变化阶段,同时有机碳同位素偏正与湖泊生产力升高和藻类繁盛有关.沉积记录表明东湖生态系统近代发生了深刻变化,湖泊营养演化自早至晚呈现四阶段性:贫营养阶段(1900-1966AD)色素水平低、拥有较丰富的水生高等植物和腹足类;中营养阶段(1966-1983AD)色素含量增高、水生高等植物和腹足类减少;富营养化阶段(1983-1989AD)色素含量快速增高、水生高等植物消失;超富营养化阶段(1989AD－至今)色素含量稳定居高、某些耐污染的介形类较繁盛.结果对于认识湖泊生态环境演化与人类活动的关系、以及如何治理湖泊环境具有现实的意义.     

不同施氮量对饲料稻糙米蛋白质含量的影响及其机理

采用田间小区试验探讨了"氮中量施肥法"(N,P2O5,K2O施用量为190,90,100 kg·hm-2)、"氮高量施肥法"(N,P2O5,K2O施用量为210,90,100 kg-hm-2)、"氮低量施肥法"(N,P2O5,K2O施用量为170,90,100kg·hm-2)对饲料稻威优198糙米蛋白质质量分数的影响及其机理.结果表明,与氮高量施肥法和氮低量施肥法相比,氮中量施肥法能明显促进孕穗期、乳熟期水稻旗叶中硝酸还原酶,乳熟期旗叶中蛋白水解酶活性,齐穗期旗叶谷氨酰胺合成酶以及齐穗期和乳熟期籽粒中谷氮酰胺合成酶活性,明显促进水稻对氮素营养的吸收与转运,显著提高糙米中蛋白质质量分数和蛋白质质量分数.氮中量施肥法处理糙米蛋白质质量分数分别比氮高量施肥法处理和氮低量施肥法处理提高了 1.39%和17.93%,籽粒产量分别提高了 12.02%和8.47%,糙米蛋白质产量分别提高了12.54%和18.32%.研究表明,氮中量施肥法能满足饲料稻高蛋白高产栽培的需要.     

Rhizosphere effect of different aquatic plants on phosphorus depletion

A series of pot experiments with Alternanthera philoxeroides, Typha latifolia, Sagittaria sagittifolia and Phragmites communis were conducted to assess the phosphorus depletion effect in the rhizosphere. The ratio of root to shoot, root morphology, phosphorus uptake efficiency and phosphorus utilization efficiency were analyzed. An obvious variation in phosphorus concentrations between the rhizosphere soil and non-rhizosphere soil was observed. The water-soluble P contents in the rhizosphere soil of A. philoxeroides, T. latifolia, S. sagittifolia and P. communis were reduced by 81%, 42%, 18% and 16%, respectively, compared with that in the non-rhizosphere soil. A. philoxeroides had the highest phosphorus uptake efficiency (1.32 mg/m), while T. latifolia achieved the effective phosphorus depletion by the strong rooting system and the high phosphorus uptake efficiency (0.52 mg/m). T. latifolia not only used phosphorus to produce biomass economically, but also adjusted carbon allocation to the roots to explore the soil for more available phosphorus. A. philoxeroides and T. latifolia were more effective in depleting phosphorus in the rhizosphere than S. sagittifolia and P. communis.     

珠江三角洲城市墙壁植物资源及其应用

墙壁植物对城市绿化和改良生态环境具有重要价值.调查表明珠江三角洲城市墙壁植物共有94种,隶属于42科,76属,主要集中在菊科、禾本科、桑科、茜草科、凤尾蕨科、大戟科,部分植物为彩叶植物,其中分布数量较多有29种,以桑科和菊科最为突出,具有较强的适应能力.然后对墙壁植物的耐旱性、观赏性、应用进行了分析和评价,结果表明耐旱强的种类有29种,观赏性较高的种类有56种;最后对墙壁植物在墙面和围墙绿化提出了一些建议.     

捷安肽素对采后柑桔青绿霉菌的抑制效果及作用机理

将枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis) ZK菌株发酵产物捷安肽素用于柑桔采后的生物防治,研究了不同浓度、不同接入时间的捷安肽素对柑桔青霉菌(Penicillium italium)和绿霉菌(P. Digitaum)的抑制效果,并与常用化学杀菌剂抑霉唑、咪鲜胺、甲基硫菌灵和多菌灵作比较. PDA平板上,柑桔绿霉菌比青霉菌对捷安肽素敏感.在柑桔果实上, 53.86 μg/mL捷安肽素处理下,柑桔青霉病和绿霉病的发病率分别为5%和5.28%,比对照低95%和94.72%.柑桔青霉病和绿霉病的病情指数分别为1.87和2.18,比对照低73.73和97.82.捷安肽素作用于柑桔绿霉菌1 h内,菌丝体内K 含量迅速下降,为对照绿霉菌K 含量的37.53%, 1 h后菌丝体内K 含量变化趋于平缓.捷安肽素作用于柑桔绿霉菌12 h内蛋白质、核酸缓慢泄漏, 12 h后蛋白质、核酸含量变化趋于平缓.实验结果表明:捷安肽素可以迅速改变绿霉菌细胞膜通透性.     

采用温度梯度凝胶电泳(TGGE)分析消毒剂对池塘型微宇宙细菌群落结构的影响

构建6个池塘型微宇宙模拟水生态系统,1个设为对照组,试验组连续投加次氯酸钠13 d,投加剂量分别为1.0、2.5、5.0、10.0、20.0 mg/L,停止投加后再观察10 d.试验期间对各微宇宙分别进行8次采样,经37 ℃培养后提取细菌总DNA,进行16S rDNA V3区扩增后,对扩增产物进行TGGE分析.对TGGE图谱中的主要条带进行回收、重新扩增、克隆、建库、测序以及序列分析.结果显示,消毒剂进入环境后会对细菌群落结构产生影响,但不同剂量消毒剂产生的影响有显著差异,存在明显的剂量-效应关系:低剂量消毒剂对细菌群落结构的影响比较小,而且是可逆的,微宇宙系统对消毒剂逐渐适应后其群落结构即可恢复;而高剂最消毒剂对细菌群落结构的破坏比较大,且不可逆转,即使消毒剂停止投加后也不能恢复.说明盲目的过量投加消毒剂会对水体微生态环境造成严重破坏.图4表1参10