《中华人民共和国鼠疫与环境图集》研制的设计思想、原则、方法与结果

全面系统地总结了<中华人民共和国鼠疫与环境图集>的设计思想、研制方法和原则以及图集所揭示的内容和规律首次利用图集的方式进行空间分析,研究我国鼠疫的流行、防治和疫源地特性及其与环境的关系.图集主要由序图组、环境背景图组、世界鼠疫流行及疫源地背景图组、自然疫源地与环境图组、流行图组、宿主分布图组、媒介蚤图组、鼠疫菌生物型图组、防治机构图组和防治效果图组组成.在鼠疫病情数据的处理和病情图的制作、环境背景图的制作和疫源地特征图制作等方面,都力求多层次、多角度和多种方式地表达鼠疫与环境的关系.它客观、科学地反映和阐述了我国200多年来鼠疫流行的空间和时间特征,揭示了我国鼠疫疫源地的分类和分布以及鼠疫菌的质粒组合和生化特性的地域分异规律,并发现鼠疫疫源地的分布和形成与地球化学环境密切相关.     

Characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emissions from diesel engine retrofitted with selective catalytic reduction and continuously regenerating trap

Two after treatment units, selective catalytic reduction (SCR) and continuously regenerating trap (CRT), were independently retrofitted to a diesel engine, with the objective to investigate their impact on the conversion/reduction (CR) of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The experiments were conducted under the European steady state cycle (ESC) first without any retrofits to get baseline emissions, and then with SCR and CRT respectively, on the same engine. The particulate matter (PM)-phase PAHs were trapped in fiberglass filters, whereas gas-phase PAHs were collected in cartridges, and then analyzed using a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS). Both PM-phase and gas-phase PAHs were greatly reduced with CRT showing respective CR of 90.7% and above 80%, whereas only gas-phase PAHs were abated in the case of SCR, with CR of above 75%. Lower molecular weight (LMW) PAHs were in abundance, while naphthalene exhibited a maximum relative contribution (RC) to LMW-PAHs for all three cases. Further, the CR of naphthalene and anthracene were increased with increasing catalyst temperature of SCR, most likely due to their conversion to solid particles. Moreover, the Benzo[a]Pyrene equivalent (BaP_eq) of PAHs was greatly reduced with CRT, owing to substantial reduction of total PAHs.     

城镇污水处理对平舟河水质的保护作用

通过贵州平塘县在城镇污水处理项目建成并投入运行前后平舟河水质变化的对比分析,结果表明,城镇污水处理工程项目,尤其是配套的城区污水管网完善工程的建设和运行,对平舟河水质保护作用很大,河水水质在原有基础上得到了进一步的优化。     

Application of activated carbon derived from scrap tires for adsorption of Rhodamine B

Activated carbon derived from solid hazardous waste scrap tires was evaluated as a potential adsorbent for cationic dye removal. The adsorption process with respect to operating parameters was investigated to evaluate the adsorption characteristics of the activated pyrolytic tire char (APTC) for Rhodamine B (RhB). Systematic research including equilibrium, kinetics and thermodynamic studies was performed. The results showed that APTC was a potential adsorbent for RhB with a higher adsorption capacity than most adsorbents. Solution pH and temperature exert significant influence while ionic strength showed little e ect on the adsorption process. The adsorption equilibrium data obey Langmuir isotherm and the kinetic data were well described by the pseudo second-order kinetic model. The adsorption process followed intra-particle di usion model with more than one process a ecting the adsorption process. Thermodynamic study confirmed that the adsorption was a physisorption process with spontaneous, endothermic and random characteristics.     

迪那2气田液化气无水冷却工艺研究

迪那2气田液化气生产设计采用空冷加水冷工艺,存在能耗大和水冷器易腐蚀结垢等安全隐患。利用HYSYS软件对迪那2气田轻烃回收工艺进行分析,并增设液化气后冷器,利用脱乙烷塔气相对液化气进行冷却,通过醇烃液分离压力、后冷器及空冷器冷却能力等参数的模拟计算和优化,将醇烃液三相分离器压力由常规的2.5MPa提高至5MPa,取消醇烃液导热油加热和液化气水冷,降低了装置能耗,年节水1.44×104m3,节电1.45×105 kW.h,杜绝了水冷器腐蚀穿孔的安全隐患,最终提出了醇烃液高压分离+空冷器+后冷器的液化气无水冷却工艺。     

植物对二氧化硫的反应和抗性研究 Ⅷ.自由基清除剂对SO2伤害的保护作用

应用了五种自由基清除剂——苯甲酸钠、二苯胺,2.6二叔丁基对羟甲苯、生育醇(维生素E)和没食子酸丙酯来喷洒植株或涂抹叶片,然后接触致害浓度的SO_2。供试植物为芝麻、烟草、小麦、紫花苜蓿和辣椒五种。试验结果表明,预先经过这些药剂处理的植物,伤害有所减轻,外渗K+减少,与此同时,乙烷、丙二醛和荧光物质的产生也相应降低。自由基清除剂对SO_2伤害的保护作用说明在伤害过程中有自由基参与,它们引起膜类脂的过氧化作用。这些结果对膜类脂的过氧化是SO_2伤害过程的一个重要环节的假设提供了又一个证据。     

水环境中六六六的转移和归趋

本文研究了氧化塘系统中六六六的转移和归趋。实验表明,由于氧化塘中藻类光合作用大量消耗游离二氧化碳而引起pH的上升;浮游动植物积累及通过它们转移和带入底泥;以及在底泥中的厌氧降解是六六六在氧化塘中被净化的主要原因。六六六在鱼体中积累和释放的动力学研究,证明六六六在鱼体的残留水平为水和体脂间的分配平衡所决定,水中六六六可以在鳃的气体交换过程中迅速进入体内。当水中六六六浓度低时,体内的残留又可释放到水中,其释放速率与温度有密切关系。     

污水污泥处理的资源化技术分析

污水污泥消化气发电技术是将污水污泥经厌氧发酵消化后，利用所产生的甲烷气气体作燃料供发电机使用；污泥油化处理技术是在高温、高压、催化剂条件下，使高分子物质通过加水分解、缩合、脱氢、环化等反应变为低分子油状物质的过程。利用上述技术可实现污水污泥处理的资源化。     

珠江三角洲农村环境连片整治实例分析研究

针对农村环境连片整治急需总结经验、反馈问题的现状,以水口街道办连片整治方案为例,探讨农村连片整治方案设计的合理性和可行性。实例中饮用水源保护采取网围等工程;分散式农村污水收集处理工程采用"微生物强化好氧分解池+人工湿地"工艺、集中式生活污水处理设施采用"生物接触氧化"工艺;河涌整治采取河道疏浚等措施;畜禽污染整治采用粪便发酵沼气能源工程。连片整治工程实施后对改善农村环境,建立和谐社会有促进作用。     

大气颗粒物中碳组分测定结果比较:元素分析和热光反射方法

采用元素分析(EA)和热光反射(TOR)2种方法对108个大气颗粒物样品(PM10和PM2.5)中的碳组分同步进行测定,分析2组测量结果的差别,并从原理上阐述2种方法的异同和优缺点.结果表明,EA法所得的ρ(TC)和ρ(OC)分别是TOR法测得的ρ(TC)和ρ(OC)的1.52和1.15倍.造成ρ(TC)结果相差很大的主要原因可能是2种方法的升温程序和控温时间不同,检测器不同;通过"归一化"讨论,从ρ(TC)和ρ(OC)测定结果上验证了EA法和TOR法在原理上的区别.为碳数据分析比较提供了一种思想,即通过TOR法测得的裂解碳(OP)在OC中的质量分数来校正EA法测得的ρ(OC);虽然EA法和TOR法对OC和EC的定量分析存在一定差别,但2种方法测出的ρ(OC)和ρ(EC)在季节分布规律上相同.