济南市环境空气中TSP和PM10来源解析研究

于1999—2000年在济南市5个采样点分别采集了环境空气中的总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)和可吸入颗粒物(PM₁₀),用化学质量平衡(CMB)受体模型和二重源解析技术解析了TSP和PM₁₀的来源。结果表明,各主要源类对TSP的贡献率依次为:扬尘34%,煤烟尘25%,土壤风沙尘18%,机动车尾气尘6%,建筑水泥尘2%,其他15%;对PM₁₀的贡献率依次为:扬尘30%,煤烟尘27%,土壤风沙尘15%,机动车尾气尘9%,建筑水泥尘3%,其他16%。      

High NO2/NOx emissions downstream of the catalytic diesel particulate filter: An influencing factor study

Diesel vehicles are responsible for most of the traffic-related nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, including nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO₂). The use of after-treatment devices increases the risk of high NO₂/NO_x emissions from diesel engines. In order to investigate the factors influencing NO₂/NO_x emissions, an emission experiment was carried out on a high pressure common-rail, turbocharged diesel engine with a catalytic diesel particulate filter (CDPF). NO₂ was measured by a non-dispersive ultraviolet analyzer with raw exhaust sampling. The experimental results show that the NO₂/NO_x ratios downstream of the CDPF range around 20%–83%, which are significantly higher than those upstream of the CDPF. The exhaust temperature is a decisive factor influencing the NO₂/NO_x emissions. The maximum NO₂/NO_x emission appears at the exhaust temperature of 350°C. The space velocity, engine-out PM/NO_x ratio (mass based) and CO conversion ratio are secondary factors. At a constant exhaust temperature, the NO₂/NO_x emissions decreased with increasing space velocity and engine-out PM/NO_x ratio. When the CO conversion ratios range from 80% to 90%, the NO₂/NO_x emissions remain at a high level.     

中国一些岩类中硒的比较研究

用荧光分光光度法分析了114个岩样和陆架沉积物中的微量硒.样品基本覆盖我国地表主要岩类.硒在样本空间呈不规则多重全域分布,经模式校正,所得岩浆岩硒值高于美国标准岩样,而沉积岩硒值明显偏低,据此推算了硒的区域丰度值以及我国地表成土母质硒含量的阈值下限.     

建筑施工扬尘排放因子定量模型研究及应用

选择天津某建筑施工工地,现场采集大气中PM10、气象、路面积尘及机动车数等数据,并确定施工扬尘排放的主要影响因素.利用FDM模型,计算施工扬尘排放因子,将计算得到的扬尘排放因子和各影响因素进行非线性拟合,建立施工扬尘PM10排放因子定量模型,并结合ISC3模型,模拟计算2003年11~12月间,天津市建筑施工过程中的PM10排放浓度.结果表明,施工产生的PM10平均浓度为20.3μg/m3,占大气PM10浓度的13.3%.     

腐殖质氧化还原和电子转移特性研究进展

腐殖质在无氧和有氧条件下都具有一定的氧化还原能力,其氧化还原能力与氧化还原电势有关,而腐殖质的氧化还原电势受芳香度、取代基类型、取代位置等因素影响.除氧化还原能力外,腐殖质还能介导电子转移,其电子转移能力受腐殖质结构和所处环境两大因素影响.水体腐殖酸比土壤和沉积物腐殖酸具有相对较小的电子接受能力(EAC)和较大的提供电子能力(EDC);p H、温度、光照、氧气条件和微生物活动等因素均对腐殖质氧化能力和电子转移能力具有重要影响.腐殖质可以介导重金属和有机污染物的还原降解,不同重金属还原反应效率差异较大,其中Fe(Ⅲ)盐还原速率最高;有机污染物降解速率从大到小为六氯乙烷(HCE)>四氯化碳>三溴甲烷.目前在腐殖质氧化还原特性和电子转移能力研究中还存在诸多不足,需要广大学者做进一步探究.     

γ-辐照对水中敌草隆的降解研究

以敌草隆作为研究对象,探讨了γ-辐照对敌草隆的降解效果,以及NO3-,NO2-,H2O2和CO32-对降解效果的影响,在初始浓度为18.5mg·l-1时,1.0kGy的辐照剂量即可达到完全去除;随着辐照剂量的增加,敌草隆水溶液在200nm-400nm处的吸光度均逐渐减小,敌草隆的浓度也逐渐减小.NO3-,NO2-,H2O2和CO32-的加入均抑制了敌草隆的降解.辐照降解敌草隆的过程主要是由·OH自由基引起的,并且可以用一级动力学来描述.     

秸秆还田条件下农田系统碳循环研究进展

秸秆还田是农田生态系统的固碳减排的一种措施,现已成为国内外学者研究的热点。本文在分析农田系统碳循环流通的基础上,将系统划分为土壤、植物和大气3个子系统,对秸秆还田条件下各个子系统中碳的流动变化情况进行讨论。在土壤子系统中,秸秆还田对土壤有机碳（SOC）、土壤矿化碳、土壤微生物碳（MBC）的变化都有作用。秸秆还田的初期可能会降低微生物利用碳源的能力,影响群落物种分布的均匀度,致使作物对碳、氮利用率下降;然而,长期的效应仍会增加土壤微生物的多样性和活性。研究亦认为秸秆还田特别是与有机肥配合使用,能够提高土壤有机碳的含量;对土壤有机碳矿化具有明显促进作用,但是对土壤原有的有机碳矿化影响尚不清楚。秸秆还田在植物子系统中的影响主要集中在植物光合碳变化。已有的研究表明秸秆还田对作物光合作用的影响表现为正效应;然而根际碳流通的变化尚不清楚。在大气子系统中,秸秆还田能够增强旱地耕作土壤的呼吸作用,促进CO2的排放;而淹水条件下,秸秆还田使土壤有机碳矿化受到了明显抑制,对CO2没有明显影响。与此类似,淹水条件促进CH4排放,排水良好可以减少CH4的释放。事实上对CH4的排放而言,水份的影响可能比秸秆还田所产生的影响更大。笔者认为秸秆还田后土壤有机碳流通变化机理,及根际碳的流通变化影响仍有待进一步解析。其次,农业机械使用所产生的 CO2气体在研究秸秆还田模式时也应被考虑在内。除此之外,秸秆还田这种减排措施（CO2）的减排潜力、适宜应用的区域、可能的协同作用和一些限制及不利因素还没有得到确切的评估,实施过程中应考虑社会和经济层面上的因素。     

天津经济技术开发区（TEDA）环境预警系统的建立研究

本文通过对警系统的分析,指出环境预警系统是多目标系统,其包含对某一时点和某段时间变化 趋势的报警。     

Passive convergence-permeable reactive barrier (PC-PRB): An effective configuration to enhance hydraulic performance

● A novel PRB configuration based on passive convergent flow effect was proposed. ● A 2D finite-difference hydrodynamic model, PRB-Flow, was developed. ● PC-PRB can significantly enhance the hydraulic capture capacity of PRB. ● The PRB geometric dimensions and materials cost are effectively reduced. ● The dominant influential factor of the PC-PRB capture width is pipe length, L_p. A novel permeable reactive barrier (PRB) configuration, the so-called passive convergence-permeable reactive barrier (PC-PRB), is proposed to overcome several shortcomings of traditional PRB configurations, such as high dependency to site hydrogeological characteristics and plume size. The PC-PRB is designed to make the plume converge towards the PRB due to the passive hydraulic decompression-convergent flow effect. The corresponding passive groundwater convergence (PC) system is deployed upstream of the PRB system, which consists of passive wells, water pipes, and a buffer layer. A two-dimensional (2D) finite-difference hydrodynamic code, entitled PRB-Flow, is developed to examine the hydraulic performance parameters (i.e., capture width (W) and residence time (t)) of PC-PRB. It is proved that the horizontal 2D capture width (W_h) and vertical 2D capture depth (W_v) of the PC-PRB remarkably increase compared to that of the continuous reactive barrier (C-PRB). The aforementioned relative growth values in order are greater than 50% and 25% in this case study. Therefore, the PRB geometric dimensions as well as the materials cost required for the same plume treatment lessens. The sensitivity analysis reveals that the dominant factors influencing the hydraulic performance of the PC-PRB are the water pipe length (L_p), PRB length (L_PRB), passive well height (H_w), and PRB height (H_PRB). The discrepancy between the W_h of PC-PRB and that of the C-PRB (i.e., ΔW_h) has a low correlation with PRB parameters and mainly depends on L_p, which could dramatically simplify the PC-PRB design procedure. Generally, the proposed PC-PRB exhibits an effective PRB configuration to enhance hydraulic performance.     

受污染景观水体的生物修复

应用生物刺激剂BIOE1对受污染的人工景观池水进行生物修复试验。现场试验的结果表明,生物刺激剂BIOE1能有效地对受污染的景观池水进行生物修复,处理后的池水清澈,水体中的溶解氧浓度显著提高,CODCr、氨氮、总磷和浊度的去除率分别为68%、93%、75%和83%。所用生物刺激剂不含外来微生物,对人体和鱼类无毒性。