A weighted fuzzy linear programming model in economic input–output analysis: an application to risk management of energy system disruptions

Climate change exposes economic systems to numerous risks, including reduced agricultural production and electric power supply shortages. The interdependent nature of economic systems causes disruptions in any sector to cascade to other sectors via forward and backward linkages. This work develops an optimization model with which allocation of scarce goods or resources can be optimized; the model uses an overall index of satisfaction of fuzzy economic output goals under conditions of scarcity caused by climatic disruptions. The proposed model includes a vulnerability measure that integrates information elicited from expert judgment. A case study based on a scenario of drought-induced electricity shortage in the Philippine economy is examined. Results show that trade, transportation and service-oriented industries suffer losses in gross domestic product in the Philippine case.     

A comparison of municipal solid waste management in Berlin and Singapore

A comparative analysis of municipal solid waste management (MSWM) in Singapore and Berlin was carried out in order to identify its current status, and highlight the prevailing conditions of MSWM. An overview of the various aspects of MSWM in these two cities is provided, with emphasis on comparing the legal, technical, and managerial aspects of MSW. Collection systems and recycling practiced with respect to the involvement of the government and the private sector, are also presented.Over last two decades, the city of Berlin has made impressive progress with respect to its waste management. The amounts of waste have declined significantly, and at the same time the proportion that could be recovered and recycled has increased. In contrast, although Singapore’s recycling rate has been increasing over the past few years, rapid economic and population growth as well as change in consumption patterns in this city-state has caused waste generation to continue to increase. Landfilling of MSW plays minor role in both cities, one due to geography (Singapore) and the other due to legislative prohibition (Berlin). Consequently, both in Singapore and Berlin, waste is increasingly being used as a valuable resource and great efforts have been made for the development of incineration technology and energy recovery, as well as climate protection.     

Life cycle assessment of sewage sludge co-incineration in a coal-based power station

A life cycle assessment was conducted to evaluate the environmental and economic effects of sewage sludge co-incineration in a coal-fired power plant. The general approach employed by a coal-fired power plant was also assessed as control. Sewage sludge co-incineration technology causes greater environmental burden than does coal-based energy production technology because of the additional electricity consumption and wastewater treatment required for the pretreatment of sewage sludge, direct emissions from sludge incineration, and incinerated ash disposal processes. However, sewage sludge co-incineration presents higher economic benefits because of electricity subsidies and the income generating potential of sludge. Environmental assessment results indicate that sewage sludge co-incineration is unsuitable for mitigating the increasing pressure brought on by sewage sludge pollution. Reducing the overall environmental effect of sludge co-incineration power stations necessitates increasing net coal consumption efficiency, incinerated ash reuse rate, dedust system efficiency, and sludge water content rate.     

改性污泥基生物炭的性质与重金属吸附效果

为提高污泥基生物炭在高钙溶液体系中对重金属阳离子的吸附能力,将Fe₂O₃、MnO₂、ZnO与市政污泥以质量比1 ∶10（以过渡金属元素质量计）混合共热解,制备改性生物炭;表征改性生物炭的组成、官能团分布和表面性质,考察其对典型重金属阳离子Cd²⁺的吸附效果.过渡金属氧化物可促进污泥的热解,改性生物炭的H/C原子比均低于0.31,碳链裂解脱氢更彻底.改性生物炭中Fe、Mn保留较好,分别主要以单质和氧化物形态存在;而Zn流失较多.改性生物炭中的孔隙以介孔为主,平均孔径约3.8 nm,比表面积在50 m²·g^-1以上.初始浓度约200 mg·L^-1的Cd²⁺溶液中,Ca²⁺初始浓度从0 mg·L^-1升高到约200 mg·L^-1,Fe改性生物炭对Cd²⁺的吸附容量从43.17 mg·g^-1降至27.88 mg·g^-1,但仍较未改性生物炭高10 mg·g^-1以上,在含钙溶液体系中表现出了对Cd²⁺更强的吸附性能.Fe₂O₃较MnO₂和ZnO对市政污泥基生物炭吸附重金属的强化效果更好.     

In situ preparation of g-C3N4/polyaniline hybrid composites with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic performance

The graphic carbon nitride/polyaniline (g-C₃N₄/PANI) hybrid composites were successfully synthesized by a facile in situ polymerization process under ice water bath. The photocatalytic activities of the g-C₃N₄/PANI composites were evaluated by using oxytetracycline (OTC) as model pollutants. The optimal g-C₃N₄/PANI composite (5%PANI: the g-C₃N₄/PANI hybrid with 5 wt.% of PANI) showed an enhancement degradation rate of 5-fold compared to that of conventional g-C₃N₄ under simulated-sunlight irradiation. In addition, the 5%PANI demonstrate significantly photocatalytic evolution H₂ rate (163.2 μmol/(g?hr)) under the visible light irradiation. Furthermore, based on the results of optical performance and electrochemical testing, a possible mechanism was proposed, indicating that the incorporation of PANI into the traditional g-C₃N₄ can effectively tune the electronic structures, improve the photo-generated electrons-holes separation and enhance extensive absorption of visible light. Such a g-C₃N₄/PANI hybrid nanocomposites could be envisaged to possess great potentials in practical wastewater treatment and water splitting.     

金属氧化物组合改性活性焦脱硝性能的研究

采用浸渍法改性活性焦,实验分析了不同氧化物组合对活性焦改性后的脱硝性能影响。在实验中,用于改性的氧化物分三组:CuO和Fe2O3,CuO和CeO2,CuO和Cr2O3。结果表明:金属氧化物组合改性活性焦的脱硝性能明显高于单一氧化物改性活性焦。在150℃反应温度下,CuO和Fe2O3组合改性活性焦脱硝率为96%。     

降低煤气吹脱解吸剩余氨水中碱耗量的研究

针对目前煤气吹脱解吸法处理焦化剩余氨水的过程中,碱的耗量较高的现状,结合具有专利技术的复合解吸塔,通过现场中试试验,研究了增加保温装置,改变加碱的位置,并适当增加了废水的停留时间的影响。最佳操作条件为:中位加碱,吹脱次数n=3,煤气温度T g=70℃,废水温度T w=90℃,pH=11,表面活性剂加入量ρ=10 mg/L,气液比q=350∶1,处理后的废水氨氮含量为248.2 mg/L,氨氮去除率可达到92.75%。最终的碱耗量为5.9 kg/m3,比原来的碱耗量降低了46.36%。     

细菌群体感应现象及其在控制膜生物污染中的应用

膜生物污染是限制膜生物反应器大规模推广的主要因素。细菌群体感应是能通过感知分泌到环境中自诱导物浓度的变化来调整基因表达,增强其在复杂环境中的生存能力。细菌群体感应系统与细菌生物膜的整个形成过程包含了黏附、成熟、以及生物膜后期的细胞扩散密切相关。近年的研究表明,利用群体淬灭技术抑制MBR膜生物污染是有效和经济可行的。     

红树林原位生态保育系统中叶绿素a的动态变化及其影响因素

根据2012年8月对广西防城港“红树林原位生态保育系统”示范基地8月1日、8月8日、8月15日3天24小时连续水质监测资料,讨论该系统叶绿素含量的周日变化情况与其他环境因子的关系,分析水质的变化情况。     

吹扫捕集-气相色谱法测定水中乙醛、丙烯醛和丙烯腈的方法研究

建立了吹扫捕集-气相色谱法测定水中乙醛、丙烯醛和丙烯腈的分析方法。进行了吹扫时间和温度的优化,同时对线性范围、方法检出限、精密度、加标回收率和7个工作日连续校准等进行实验。在50℃下,吹扫时间为20min时。该方法乙醛、丙烯醛和丙烯腈的检出限分别为0．005mg／L、0．007mg／L和0．004mg／L,相对标准偏差分别为1．9％-5．1％、3．1—6．8％、1．7％～5．6％,加标回收率分别为92．6％～108％、92．0％-107％、95．3％～105％。结果表明,吹扫捕集气相色谱法测定水中乙醛、丙烯醛和丙烯腈方法简单快捷,灵敏度高,准确性和重现性好,能满足地表水环境质量标准的要求,具有较好的推广性。