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831.
832.
Tan K Anderson TA Jones MW Smith PN Jackson WA 《Journal of environmental quality》2004,33(5):1638-1646
Previous laboratory-scale studies have documented perchlorate ClO(-)(4) uptake by different plant species, but less information is available at field scale, where ClO(-)(4) uptake may be affected by environmental conditions, such as distance to streams or shallow water tables, exposure duration, and species. This study examined uptake of ClO(-)(4) in smartweed (Polygonum spp.) and watercress (Nasturtium spp.) as well as more than forty trees, including ash (Fraxinus greggii A. Gray), chinaberry (Melia azedarach L.), elm (Ulmus parvifolia Jacq.), willow (Salix nigra Marshall), mulberry [Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) Vent.], and hackberry (Celtis laevigata Willd.) from multiple streams surrounding a perchlorate-contaminated site. Results indicate a large potential for ClO(-)(4) accumulation in aquatic and terrestrial plants, with ClO(-)(4) concentration in plant tissues approximately 100 times higher than that in bulk water. Perchlorate accumulation in leaves of terrestrial plants was also dependent on species, with hackberry, willow, and elm having a strong potential to accumulate ClO(-)(4). Generally, trees located closer to the stream had a higher ClO(-)(4) accumulation than trees located farther away from the stream. Seasonal leaf sampling of terrestrial plants indicated that ClO(-)(4) accumulation also was affected by exposure duration, with highest accumulation observed in the late growing cycle, although leaf concentrations for a given tree were highly variable. Perchlorate may be re-released into the environment via leaching and rainfall as indicated by lower perchlorate concentrations in collected leaf litter. Information obtained from this study will be helpful to understand the fate of ClO(-)(4) in macrophytes and natural systems. 相似文献
833.
It has been widely reported that heavy metal contamination in coastal waters can modify the allozyme profiles of marine organisms. Previous studies have recorded elevated metal concentrations in sediments and mussel tissues off Peninsular Malaysia. In the present study, horizontal starch gel electrophoresis was carried out to estimate the levels of allelic variation of the green-lipped mussel, Perna viridis, collected from one contaminated and three relatively uncontaminated sites off Peninsular Malaysia. Fourteen polymorphic loci were observed. In addition, the concentrations of cadmium, copper, lead, mercury and zinc were determined in the sediments and in the soft tissues of the mussels. Mussels from contaminated site, evidenced by high metal pollution indices (MPI) of the sediment and the mussel tissues, showed the highest percentage of polymorphic loci (78.6%), while those collected from the uncontaminated sites had lower MPI of the sediment and mussel tissue, and exhibited lower percentages of polymorphic loci (35.7-57.1%). The population from the contaminated site showed the highest excess of heterozygosity (0.289) when compared to that of the populations from the three uncontaminated sites (0.108-0.149). Allozyme frequencies at the phosphoglucomutase (PGM; E.C. 2.7.5.1) locus also differed between the contaminated and uncontaminated populations. Previous studies have shown that exposure to heavy metals can select or counter-select for particular alleles at this locus. The present results suggest that allozyme polymorphism in P. viridis is a potential biomonitoring tool for heavy metal contamination but further validation is required. 相似文献
834.
让江河湖泊休养生息,就是要实行最为严格的污染物排放总量控制制度,以水环境容量确定发展方式和发展规模;就是要尊重自然规律,充分发挥水生态系统的自我修复能力,逐步改变环境恶化状况;就是要综合运用工程的、技术的、生态的方法,加大治理水环境的力度,促进水生态系统尽快步入良性循环的轨道;就是要充分运用法律、经济和必要的行政手段,既要形成严格排放、合理开发的强大压力,又要形成主动治理水环境的积极动力,用高效的办法解决长期积累的环境问题。 相似文献
835.
Owega S Evans GJ Jervis RE Tsai J Fila M Tan PV 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2002,120(1):125-135
Laser ablation/ionization mass spectrometry (LAMS) of particulate matter (PM) was undertaken on-line in order to extend and contrast PM characterization. Qualitative on-line LAMS results for certified materials and Toronto source materials demonstrated the versatility and limitations of the technique. The observation of organic and inorganic components of certified materials verified the proper working condition of the in-house on-line LAMS. Organic and inorganic components of Toronto source materials were also observed with the on-line LAMS. Common components identified from both types of materials were Na, Al, Ca, Fe, and K. Other recognized components were compared with marker elements reported for some common PM emission sources. An in-house off-line LAMS was used to analyze urban Toronto PM deposited on glass substrates, while the on-line LAMS analyzed individual urban Toronto PM particles that were introduced directly into the instrument. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) were used for confirmatory purposes. Organic and inorganic components of urban Toronto PM at their typical ng/m3 concentrations were successfully observed in mass spectra using both off-line LAMS and on-line LAMS. Identified ions unique to each analyzed material were compared to identified ions of urban Toronto PM. The ability of LAMS to analyze individual respirable PM particles (viz. < 2 microns), both for inorganic trace elements and for organic components, greatly extended our capability to characterize PM and also to achieve estimates of concentration contributions of each material. 相似文献
836.
人工湿地床示踪剂的研究 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
本文介绍了对适宜于人工湿地床的示踪剂筛选的原则和方法,从四种染料和食盐中,选定食盐作为人工湿地床的示踪剂,并介绍了食盐示踪剂的注入方法和检测系统。 相似文献
837.
838.
谭箭 《中国安全科学学报》1999,9(3):29-33
综述了海船避碰专家系统知识库领域知识的来源;对反映船舶碰撞危险程度的特征值进行了分析,认为取两船距离作为判别值是简明可行的,经比较,提出以王逢辰划分的船舶行动阶段与具体赋值后的动界和船舶领域模型相结合,是知识库判断碰撞危险和避让时机的基础;在考虑了能见度、船舶种类、相对方位和动态的基础上,提出了专家系统避让决策的初步流程。 相似文献
839.
Fluidized bed and induced crystallization technology were combined to design a new type of induced crystallization fluidized bed reactor. The added particulate matter served as crystal nucleus to induce crystallization so that the insoluble material, which was in a saturated state, could precipitate on its surface. In this study, by filling the fluidized bed with quartz sand and by adjusting water p H, precipitation of calcium carbonate was induced on the surface of quartz sand, and the removal of water hardness was achieved.With a reactor influent flow of 60 L/hr, a fixed-bed height of 0.5 m, pH value of 9.5, quartz sand nuclear diameter of 0.2–0.4 mm, and a reflux ratio of 60%, the effluent concentration of calcium hardness was reduced to 60 mg/L and 86.6% removal efficiency was achieved. The resulting effluent reached the quality standard set for circulating cooling water. Majority of the material on the surface of quartz sand was calculated to be calcium carbonate based on energy spectrum analysis and moisture content was around 15.994%. With the low moisture content, dewatering treatment is no longer required and this results to cost savings on total water treatment process. 相似文献
840.