Bioretention systems have been implemented as stormwater best management practices (BMPs) worldwide to treat non-point sources pollution. Due to insufficient research, the design guidelines for bioretention systems in tropical countries are modeled after those of temperate countries. However, climatic factors and stormwater runoff characteristics are the two key factors affecting the capacity of bioretention system. This paper reviews and compares the stormwater runoff characteristics, bioretention components, pollutant removal requirements, and applications of bioretention systems in temperate and tropical countries. Suggestions are given for bioretention components in the tropics, including elimination of mulch layer and submerged zone. More research is required to identify suitable additives for filter media, study tropical shrubs application while avoiding using grass and sedges, explore function of soil faunas, and adopt final discharged pollutants concentration (mg/L) on top of percentage removal (%) in bioretention design guidelines.
A generic methodology for determining the required surface area of a final clarifier is presented. Clarification and thickening requirements are integrated to form a unified procedure for final clarifier design. The new method is based on results obtained by Yuen (2002) on the solids flux theory for a secondary clarifier; it does not require the specification of recycle rate, which is computed as an output of the method. The author shows that there is a minimum required surface area (A(m)) for a final clarifier under the thickening requirement when the designed recycle rate is set at the maximum allowable value (FR)m (at the critical state). The designed surface area and the return activated sludge pumping capacity can be determined by applying a safety factor to A(m) and (FR)m, respectively. The method is shown to conform to conventional design criteria under typical design conditions. 相似文献
Manganese oxide-loaded and -doped ceria as well as the corresponding barium-modified oxide catalysts were prepared for soot
oxidation in the presence of NOx, and were characterized by using X-ray diffraction, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller and NO temperatureprogrammed
oxidation measurements. The activity of catalyst depended strongly on the NO2 production capacity, and the importance
of surface nitrates was weakened without heat transfer limitations. The formation of perovskite-type oxides after the high-temperature
calcination caused the loss of NOx storage capacity for the Ba-modified catalysts, but did not seem to affect the NO oxidation activity
obviously. The addition of barium did not prevent the phase separation of MnOx-CeO2 solid solutions, whereas it inhibited the sintering
of oxide crystallites effectively. This, as well as the relatively high surface area, resulted in a small increase in soot oxidation temperature
for the thermally aged Ba/Mn-Ce catalyst. 相似文献