ClO2三相催化氧化处理硝基苯生产废水的试验

硝基苯(NB)生产废水中含有大量NB及其衍生物,对生物具有毒性,属难生物降解物质.采用ClO2三相催化氧化工艺对NB废水进行处理.结果表明,每升废水投加280、350 mg ClO2,废水在活性炭加载含铜复合金属氧化物的催化剂床层停留56min,NB和色度的去除率均达到95%以上,COD去除率达到90%以上.吨废水处理成本约为10.5元.     

城市污水处理厂二沉池出水曝气混合絮凝的研究

在污水处理厂实验室,对二沉池出口污水进行了曝气和机械2种方式的混合絮凝对比试验。研究结果表明,对于同一水质,在相同的投药量下,曝气混凝沉淀后的水质明显优于机械混凝沉淀后的水质,各项水质指标的去除率分别提高：BOD₅ 6%～9%,COD 4%～6%,NH₃-N 6%～9%,TP 15%～24%,SS 8%～18%。     

基于WebGIS的浙江近海水环境质量评价系统的研制

以浙江近海为例,采用ArcIMS作为电子地图网络发布平台,集成ASP和Report Service技术,同时采用遥感水质反演的方法获取水环境信息,建立了基于WebGIS的近海水环境质量评价系统.本文讨论了系统的设计思路、数据组织和开发流程,初步实现了水质和水产品质量信息的统计分析、评价咨询、网络发布等功能.     

基于GIS的松花江干流暴雨洪涝灾害风险评估

以黑龙江省内的松花江干流流域作为研究区,从现代灾害风险理论出发,综合运用GIS空间分析和灾害风险评估数学方法,对松花江干流流域的暴雨洪涝灾害风险进行了定量评价.研究利用遥感数据和社会经济数据,在空间分析基础上,通过对暴雨洪涝灾害的危险性、承灾体的暴露性、脆弱性以及区域防灾减灾能力的分析,确定影响各个县市暴雨洪涝灾害风险的具体方面.并将因子集成为洪涝灾害风险指数(FDRI),在此基础之上绘制出松花江干流流域的洪涝灾害风险区划图,结果表明松花江干流洪涝灾害风险以哈尔滨和佳木斯两市最大,上游洪涝灾害风险大于下游.     

生态工业园评价方法研究:以北京市为例

建立科学有效的评价方法将有助于稳步推进我国的生态工业园建设．而园区所处区域的特点对于评价指标的选择和评价体系的建立具有重要影响。本研究在借鉴国内外最新研究成果的基础上．针对北京工业开发区的发展现状和特点．考虑相关性、可操作等原则，初步提出了一套生态工业园评价指标体系框架及其计算评价方法。评价指标共分为6大类准则，共计25个具体指标．划分为“控制性”指标和“指导性”指标。前者包括：信息基建共事类指标、管理与发展类指标、减量消耗类指标、园区环保类指标。后者包括：循环利用类指标和产业共生类指标。该指标体系蕴涵的思想和理论方法已成为推进北京生态工业园建设的重要借鉴，也可作为国家生态工业园评价方法研究的有益补充。     

三峡库区几种林下苔藓的保水功能

通过对三峡库区三种森林类型(松栎混交林、栓皮栎纯林、马尾松纯林)林下苔藓储量调查分析及其持水特性试验，得到不同森林类型林下苔藓储量、最大持水量、吸水速率等水文特征参数。结果表明，马尾松纯林林下苔藓储量最大(12．93t／hm^2)，松栎混交林和栓皮栎纯林林下苔藓储量相同(9．47t／hm^2)。松栎混交林林下苔藓最大持水量为5．36mm，栓皮栎纯林为5．73mm，马尾松纯林为6．26mm。研究结果还表明，三峡库区林下苔藓持水量随时间变化过程与森林类型无关。在只有苔藓覆盖情况下，不同森林类型林内不产生水分下渗和地表径流时的最大降雨量和最大降雨雨强分别为：松栎混交林林地5．36mm，5．820mm／h；马尾松纯林林地6．26mm，7．420mm／h；栓皮栎纯林林地5．73mm，6．060mm／h。     

南方丘陵地区河谷城市用地时空演变与驱动分析——以上饶市城区为例

以揭示中国南方丘陵地区河谷城市的空间演变过程和特征为目的,以上饶市城区为例,在遥感与GIS技术的支持下,对1988~2013年间上饶市城区城市用地的时空演变过程、特征及驱动影响因素进行了研究。结果表明,1988~2013年的25 a间,上饶市城区城市用地呈现出快速增长的态势,城市形态的演变具有明显的时空特征:时间序列上,不论扩展幅度还是扩展速度,2001~2013年间的值均高于1988~2001年间的值,前后两个时段的扩展特征呈现出明显的差异性;空间格局上,上饶市城区以老城区的中心广场为中心向四周扩展,先后经历了放射性扩展、组团式分散扩展两个阶段,同时呈现出明显的方向分异性,西南和西为其主要扩展方向,而其东南方向的扩展速度最为缓慢。自然环境中的地貌对上饶市城区城市用地的扩展起到很大的限制作用,经济社会的发展、政策规划等因素成为城市用地扩张与时空演化的外在驱动因素。     

Continuous measurement of peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) in suburban and remote areas of western China

Knowledge on atmospheric abundance of peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) is important in assessing the severity of photochemical pollution, and for understanding chemical transformation of reactive odd nitrogen and its impact on the budget of tropospheric ozone (O₃). In summer 2006, continuous measurements of PAN were made using an automatic GC–ECD analyzer with an on-line calibrator at a suburban site of Lanzhou (LZ) and a remote site of Mt. Waliguan (WLG) in western China, with concurrent measurements of O₃, total reactive nitrogen (NO_y) and carbon monoxide (CO). At LZ, several photochemical episodes were observed during the study, and the average mixing ratio of PAN (plus or minus standard deviation) was 0.76 (±0.89) ppbv with the maximum value of 9.13 ppbv, compared to an average value of 0.44 (±0.16) ppbv at remote WLG. The PAN mixing ratios in LZ exhibited strong diurnal variations with a maximum at noon, while enhanced concentrations of PAN were observed in the evening and a minimum in the afternoon at WLG. The daily O₃ and PAN concentration maxima showed a strong correlation (r² = 0.91) in LZ, with a regression slope (PAN/O₃) of 0.091 ppbv ppbv^?1. At WLG, six well-identified pollution plumes (lasting 2–8 h) were observed with elevated concentrations of PAN (and other trace gases), and analysis of backward particle release simulation shows that the high-PAN events at WLG were mostly associated with the transport of air masses that had passed over LZ.     

Single particle mass spectrometry of oxalic acid in ambient aerosols in Shanghai: Mixing state and formation mechanism

Oxalic acid in individual aerosol particles was measured using single particle aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ATOFMS) in the summer of 2007 in Shanghai, China. Oxalate was found in 3.4% of total particles with diameters in the range of 0.2 – 2.0 μm. Size, chemical composition and hourly temporal counts of single particles that contained oxalic acid were measured. The predominant types of oxalate-containing particles were characterized to distinguish the primary and secondary sources of oxalic acid. Biomass burning was revealed as a major primary source of oxalic acid which contributed more than 20% of the oxalate-containing particles. Evidences for two different formation pathways of oxalic acid were observed in our experiment. The number fraction of oxalate-containing particles correlated with that of sulfate particles and the changes of air parcel backward trajectories, suggesting that in-cloud processing played important roles in oxalic acid formation. The diurnal patterns of dust and sea salt particle counts fitted well with the ambient relative humidity variation, suggesting that heterogeneous reactions occurring in hydrated/deliquesced aerosols also contributed to the production of oxalic acid.