煤焦油加工废气治理方法简述

煤焦油加工项目属于重污染行业,产生的废气大部分有致癌作用,必须做好配套的环保设施和安全设施,本文介绍了煤焦油加工过程中废气产生及防治对策,减少环境污染。     

2,4-二硝基苯酚钠非等温DSC热分解动力学研究

首先用同步热分析仪（STA）测定了一定温度区间内2,4-二硝基酚钠的比热容,利用Origin8.0软件回归比热容随温度变化的方程式,拟合系数为0.913 6,标准偏差为0.005 9。然后分别在空气和氮气气氛下对2,4-二硝基酚钠进行了TG/DSC测试,并与单硝基酚钠（邻、间、对位）的热分解性能进行了比较。通过在氮气气氛不同升温速率下的测试,用Kissinger法得到2,4-二硝基酚钠热分解反应的表观活化能、指前因子等动力学参数。研究表明:2,4-二硝基酚钠在300℃以下具有良好的热稳定性,Kissinger法得到的2,4-二硝基酚钠表观活化能为244.8 kJ/mol,指前因子为2.5×10¹⁸s^-1。     

环渤海近岸海域表层沉积物及底栖生物中PBDEs的赋存特征及富集行为

多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)作为一种新型的持久性有机污染物,在海洋环境中广泛存在,研究PBDEs在不同介质中的赋存状态对于理解其环境行为及归趋具有重要的意义。通过采集不同区域沉积物及生物样品,考察了PBDEs在环渤海近岸海域表层沉积物及底栖生物中的含量及空间分布特征、污染模式及生物-沉积物富集因子。结果表明,环渤海沿岸表层沉积物中PBDEs总量(Σ10PBDEs)的浓度范围在0.446~26.8 ng·g-1(干重,dw)之间,中值为1.02 ng·g-1(dw),底栖生物中PBDEs(Σ9PBDEs)的浓度范围为0.053~9.90 ng·g-1(dw),中值为1.25 ng·g-1dw;沉积物中BDE-209为最主要的单体,平均丰度达到90.5%,生物体中主要以低溴代BDEs为主,其中单体BDE-47的含量最高,平均丰度范围为43.2%~49.7%;沉积物和生物中PBDEs的含量在空间上存在显著的差异,其中莱州湾和锦州附近区域的结果明显高于其他区域;5种不同的底栖生物对PBDEs均表现出一定的生物富集性,其中∑9PBDEs的BSAF值按从大到小的顺序为菲律宾蛤仔(0.43~4.06,mean=1.19)紫贻贝(0.34~2.86,1.03)四角蛤蜊(0.17~1.95,0.82)麻蛤(0.13~2.33,0.61)牡蛎(0.09~1.20,0.52)。辛醇水分配系数(log KOW)与不同物种BSAF值的相关性分析结果表明,除BDE-17单体外,其他单体的BSAF值表现出随log KOW的升高而下降的趋势。     

荞麦叶内抗氧化系统对铝胁迫的响应

以荞麦(FagopyrumesculentumMoench)为实验材料,采用沙培法,研究了荞麦对不同铝质量浓度胁迫下体内保护酶的响应和变化规律。结果表明,铝胁迫下荞麦体内铝质量浓度的升高促进了过氧化物酶的活性,抑制了过氧化氢酶和超氧化物歧化酶的活性,增加了蛋白质、丙二醛、抗坏血酸和游离脯氨酸的含量;多酚氧化酶和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶在适当的铝质量浓度处理下活性都有提高。在高铝处理下,叶片中积累的铝明显较根和茎多。在铝的胁迫下,荞麦体内非酶系也发挥了重要的作用。     

穿龙薯蓣、黄山药和盾叶薯蓣psbA-trnH片段序列分析

为研究薯蓣叶绿体psbA-trnH片段遗传多样性,探讨该片段用于中药穿龙薯蓣、黄山药和盾叶薯蓣种间分子鉴别和系统学研究中的意义,我们对不同类群薯蓣种的叶绿体psbA-trnH基因间区进行PCR扩增并测序,获得了该区间的完整序列,所得序列用软件MEGA3.0进行相关分析.穿龙薯蓣的psbA-trnH片段全长274bp,黄山药全长279bp,盾叶薯蓣植物个体内的叶绿体DNA则有两种psbA-trnH片段,长度分别为241bp和503bp.经MEGA3.0软件分析,3种薯蓣种间psbA-trnH片段序列的遗传距离(p-distance)为0.00350~0.04545,各个薯蓣种内的不同类群该序列无差异.用UPGMA法根据psbA-trnH序列的遗传距离建立系统发生树,聚类结果和形态分类相符.所得结果显示,psbA-trnH片段序列在所研究的3种薯蓣种内保守,在种间具有明显的较大差异,而3种薯蓣及薯蓣属的系统发生关系尚须进一步研究.图3表2参6     

中国亚热带东部丘陵山区农业自然资源开发策略

我国亚热带东部丘陵山区农业生产条件优越,但由于农业生产主要局限在耕地上,沟谷农业限制着整个农业的发展,一些农村仍处于贫困状态。本文通过对农业生产条件的综合研究和对沟谷农业的进一步分析,提出了充分利用自然资源,使整个山区致富的根本出路是:摆脱沟谷农业的束缚,发展生态农业生产和商品经济,壮大农村实力,农业生产走上良性循环的道路。     

非平衡等离子体联合技术降解甲苯气体

采用了自制的纳米钛酸钡基介电材料作为催化剂,以电工陶瓷拉西环作为载体,利用介质阻挡放电产生的非平衡态等离子体对常压下流动态含甲苯的空气进行处理,研究了电场强度、流速、初始浓度及不同填料情况下甲苯的降解及臭氧产生情况,初步探讨了等离子体催化降解甲苯的机理,并进行了产物分析.实验结果表明,电场强度小于13kV·cm-1时,甲苯降解率和臭氧产生浓度随电场强度的提高而上升,随气速和初始浓度的增加而降低;不同填料下降解率及臭氧浓度由大到小排序为有催化剂填料、普通填料、无填料,有催化剂存在时(电场强度为14kV·cm-1,流速为0.3 m3·h-1,甲苯浓度为600 mg·L-1),甲苯降解率最高可达95%.当电场强度>13kV·cm-1时,臭氧浓度因受到过量的高能电子攻击而发生分解.表现为臭氧浓度随电场强度的继续增加而降低.因此,电场强度为13kV·cm-1时,产生的臭氧浓度最高.     

Study on correlation between humic acid and selenium in Kaschin-Beck disease areas

The relationship between humic acid and selenium content was studied in this research. The results of calculation showed that there is more humic acid and less selenium in Kaschin-Beck disease areas in China. Fulvic acid in soil could increase selenium level in plants. The chemical bonding between humic acid and selenium was observed with an I.R. spectroscope. It was remarkable for the changes of absorption peak and frequency in 1100-1000 cm-1, 900-700 cm-1.     

Enhanced desorption of phenanthrene from contaminated soil using anionic/nonionic mixed surfactant

A new approach using an anionic/nonionic mixed surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) with Triton X-100 (TX100), was utilized for the desorption of phenanthrene from an artificial contaminated natural soil in an aim to improve the efficiency of surfactant remediation technology. The experimental results showed that the presence of SDS not only reduced the sorption of TX100 onto the natural soil, but also enhanced the solubilization of TX100 for phenanthrene, both of which resulted in the distribution of phenanthrene in soil-water systems decreasing with increasing mole fraction of SDS in surfactant solutions. These results can be attributed to the formation of mixed micelles in surfactant solution and the corresponding decrease in the critical micelle concentration of TX100 in mixed solution. The batch desorption experiments showed that the desorption percentage of phenanthrene from the contaminated soil with mixed solution was greater than that with single TX100 solution and appeared to be positively related to the mole fraction of SDS in surfactant solution. Thus, the anionic/nonionic mixed surfactants are more effective for the desorption of phenanthrene from the contaminated soil than a single nonionic surfactant.     

Distribution of phthalate esters in topsoil: a case study in the Yellow River Delta, China

The Yellow River Delta (YRD) is a typical agricultural and petrochemical industrial area of China. To assess the current status of phthalate esters (PAEs) of soil residues, soil samples (0～20 cm) (n?=?82) were collected in Bincheng District, at the geographic center of the YRD. PAEs were detected in all topsoil samples analyzed, which indicated that PAEs are ubiquitous environmental contaminants. Concentrations of 11 PAEs are in the range of 0.794～19.504 μg g^?1, with an average value of 2.975 μg g^?1. It was presented that PAEs pollution in this area was weak and monotonously increasing along the rural–urban gradient. Higher concentrations were observed from roadsides (and/or gutters), densely anthropogenic activities areas (such as the urbanization and industrialization), and agriculture influence district, which mainly originated from construction waste, municipal sewage, agricultural waste and pesticide, discarded plastic effusion and atmospheric depositions. Concentrations of PAEs were weakly positivity correlated with soil organic carbon content and pH, which suggested both of them can affect the distribution of PAEs. The concentration of di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and di-n-butyl phthalate dominated in the 11 PAEs, with the average values of 0.735 and 1.915 μg g^?1, respectively, and accounted for 92.1 % of the whole PAEs’ concentrations. No significant differences of PAE congeneric profiles were observed between our work and others previously reported, which is consistent with the use of similar commercial PAEs around the world.