长度1~10 m金属滤芯脉冲喷吹性能的模拟*

为探究金属长滤芯的脉冲喷吹性能,运用ANSYS Fluent软件开展脉喷流场的数值模拟,考察滤芯长度和金属网目数对喷吹强度和均匀性的影响。研究结果表明:脉冲喷吹过程中金属滤芯内存在4类压力峰,分别为静压波峰、气团膨胀峰、蓄积反弹峰、余压波动峰;不同长度滤芯内的静压力分布不同,金属短滤芯（1 m）的底部喷吹气流蓄积最为剧烈,形成的压力最大,中等长度滤芯（2~4 m）底部压力蓄积减弱,低于上部区域,长滤芯（5~10 m）内喷吹气流沿途先膨胀后持续减弱,侧壁压力整体表现为上部＞中部＞底部;1~5 m金属滤芯的喷吹强度及均匀性随着滤芯长度增加而变差,6~10 m金属滤芯的喷吹强度及均匀性随着滤芯长度增加而得到改善,且都随金属网目数的增加而改进。研究结果对金属滤芯的设计与优化具有指导意义。     

危险废物鉴别监测现状、问题及建议研究

危险废物鉴别技术是危险废物监管中重要的技术支撑。现有的危险废物鉴别技术在危险废物监管中发挥了巨大的作用,但在实际鉴别工作中,还存在一些不足。对危险废物鉴别工作现状进行了具体阐述,同时指出了危险废物名录灵活性不够、危废鉴别标准项目待梳理、鉴别时间周期长、采样数大等存在的问题,并针对性提出解决问题的工作建议。     

基于 Monte Carlo 方法的锅炉烟尘烟气测量不确定度评定

采用蒙特卡罗方法模拟计算了锅炉燃烧排放的烟尘、烟气的折算排放浓度、排放速率的相对标准不确定,给出了各个输入量的相对标准不确定度分量。依据模拟计算结果对锅炉烟尘、烟气测量不确定度评定的数学模型进行了简化,探讨了采用灵敏度公式评定烟尘、烟气测量结果的合成不确定度中应当注意的问题,为锅炉燃烧排放的烟尘、烟气测量不确定的评定提供了依据。     

A preliminary study on pollution characteristics of surfactant substances in fine particles in the Beibu Gulf Region of China

The pollution characteristics of surfactant substances in fine particles (PM_2.5) in spring were studied in the Beibu Gulf Region of China, 68 samples of PM_2.5 were collected at Weizhou Island in Beihai City from March 12 to April 17, 2015. The Anionic Surfactant Substances (ASS) and Cationic Surfactant Substances (CSS) in the samples were analyzed using Byethyl Violet Spectrophotometry and Disulfide Blue Spectrophotometry, respectively. Combined with the data from backward trajectory simulation, the effects of air pollutants from remote transport on the pollution characteristics of surfactant substances in PM_2.5 in the Beibu Gulf Region were analyzed and discussed. The results showed that the daily mean concentrations of ASS and CSS in spring in the Beibu Gulf Region were 165.20 pmol/m³ and 8.05pmol/m³, and the variation ranges were 23.21–452.55 pmol/m³ and 0.65–31.31 pmol/m³, accounting for 1.82‰ ± 1.65‰ and 0.12‰ ± 0.11‰ of the mass concentration of PM_2.5, respectively. These concentrations were lower than those in comparable regions around the world. There was no clear correlation between the concentrations of ASS and CSS in PM_2.5 and the mass concentrations of PM_2.5. Tourism and air transport had a positive contribution on the concentrations of ASS. The concentration of surfactant substances in PM_2.5 was significantly impacted by wind speed and wind direction. Atmospheric temperature, air pressure and precipitation had little effect on the concentrations of surfactant substances. Surfactant substances in PM_2.5 significantly impacted visibility. Results also showed that the main sources of surfactant substances were from the southern China and Southeast Asia.     

Theory and Model of Agricultural Insurance Subsidy

Abstract

The issue of agricultural insurance subsidy is discussed in this paper aiming to make it provided more rationally and scientifically. It is started with the connection between agricultural insurance and financial subsidy. It is really necessary and crucial to implement the financial insurance due to the bad operational performance, especially in the developing countries. But the subsidy should be provided more rationally because financial subsidy has lots of negative effects. A model in competitive insurance markets developed by Ahsan et al (1982) and a farmers' decision model are developed to solve the optimal subsidized rate. Finally, the equation is got to calculate it. But a quantitative subsidized rate is not made here because the calculation should be under some restricted conditions, which are always absent in the developing countries. So the government should provide some subsidy for the ex ante research and preparation to get the scientific probability and premium rate.     

淮河流域典型癌病高发区土壤和地下水重金属积累及健康风险

分别采集淮河沿岸某癌病高发区土壤和地下水样品,分析和探讨了土壤和地下水重金属的含量、分布和季节变化,以及土壤和地下水重金属积累的生态与健康风险.结果表明,除Zn外,土壤和地下水重金属含量旱季均高于雨季,癌病高发村庄高于其他村庄,河流污染是沿岸土壤和地下水重金属积累的主要原因.除土壤Cd达到中度潜在生态风险外,土壤中其余重金属的潜在生态风险总体为轻微级.癌病高发村庄居民饮水中重金属致癌和非致癌健康风险明显高于其他村庄居民,均为其他村庄居民的2倍以上,其中,重金属非致癌健康风险达到93.09×10-10a-1,接近国际健康组织推荐的最大可忽略风险,重金属致癌健康风险达到27.82×10-5a-1,分别为ICRP和US EPA推荐的最大可接受风险的5倍和2倍以上.各种重金属中,Pb和Cr是主要的非致癌健康风险因子,Cr是主要的致癌健康风险因子.癌病高发村庄土壤和地下水重金属积累明显,存在较高的饮水重金属暴露健康风险.     

基于SAPSO-BP网络模型的海洋平台落物碰撞损伤分析

为了确保海洋平台作业过程中落物坠落对甲板撞击后的结构安全,对坠落立管撞击海洋平台甲板的过程进行了非线性仿真分析。运用ANSYS/LS-DYNA建立有限元模型,对坠落立管不同撞击角度撞击海洋平台甲板进行模拟计算,得到甲板在不同工况下的损伤情况。运用1种自适应性变异的粒子群优化算法SAPSO与BP神经网络结合［1］,对海洋平台进行落物碰撞损伤分析。研究结果表明:落物与垂直方向偏离5°～10°为坠落时最危险的工况。SAPSO-BP提高了BP神经网络的拟合能力,减小了拟合误差,提高了拟合精度,验证了SAPSO-BP网络模型的实用性和可靠性。综合考虑制定适用于海洋平台落物安全的工作程序和平台及设备的防护措施,为海洋平台作业中落物风险评估和海洋平台作业安全保障提供参考。     

Surface protection method for the magnetic core using covalent organic framework shells and its application in As(III) depth removal from acid wastewater

Fe₃O₄-based materials are widely used for magnetic separation from wastewater. However, they often suffer from Fe-leaching behavior under acidic conditions, decreasing their activity and limiting sustainable practical applications. In this study, covalent organic frameworks (COFs) were used as the shell to protect the Fe₃O₄ core, and the Fe₃O₄@COF core-shell composites were synthesized for As(III) removal from acid wastewater. The imine-linked COFs can in situ grow on the surface of the Fe₃O₄ core layer by layer with [COFs/Fe₃O₄]_mol ratio of up to 2:1. The Fe-leaching behavior was weakened over a wide pH range of 1-13. Moreover, such composites keep their magnetic characteristic, making them favorable for nanomaterial separation. As(III) batch adsorption experiments results indicated that, when COFs are used as the shell for the Fe₃O₄ core, a balance between As(III) removal efficiencies and the thickness of the COF shell exists. Higher As(III) removal efficiencies are obtained when the [COFs/Fe₃O₄]_mol ratios were < 1.5:1, but thicker COF shells were not beneficial for As(III) removal. Such composites also exhibited better As(III) removal performances in the pH range of 1–7. Over a wide pH range, the zeta potential of Fe₃O₄@COF core-shell composites becomes more positive, which benefits the capture of negative arsenic ions. In addition, thinner surface COFs were favorable for mass transfer and facilitating the reaction of Fe and As elements. Our study highlights the promise of using COFs in nanomaterial surface protection and achieving As(III) depth removal under acidic conditions.     

The profiles of chiral pesticides in peri-urban areas near Yangtze River: Enantioselective distribution characteristics and correlations with surface sediments

Chiral pesticides account for 30% of pesticides. Pesticides are inevitably leached into the groundwater by runoff. At the watershed level, the distribution characteristics of enantiomers in sediments collected from the river network of an agricultural area near the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River were tested, and their potential correlations with the physicochemical properties and microbial communities of the sediments were analyzed. The sediment pollution was serious at sites 8 and 9, with their pollution source possibly being agricultural or industrial sewage. Moreover, there were higher cumulative contents of pesticide residues at sites 4, 8, and 9. Specifically, Cycloxaprid was the most detected chiral pesticide in the study area, followed by Dinotefuran and Diclofop-methyl. Additionally, Ethiprole and Difenoconazole had strong enantioselectivity in the study area. Interestingly, the enantiomers of some chiral pesticides, such as Tebuconazole, had completely different distributions at different sites. Pearson correlation analysis showed that sediment catalase and microbial biomass carbon were important factors for enantioselectivity of chiral pesticides. The effect of sediment physicochemical properties on enantioselective distribution was achieved by influencing the microorganisms in the sediment. Furthermore, the enantioselective distribution of Tebuconazole was closely related to the genus Arenimonas. Overall, the enantioselective distribution of most of the chiral pesticides was positively correlated with the prokaryotic microbial community. This study provides empirical support for agricultural non-point source pollution caused by chiral pesticides, and also lays a research foundation for exploring the factors that affect the fate of chiral pesticides in the environment.     

Hygroscopic properties of sodium and potassium salts as related to saline mineral dusts and sea salt aerosols

Mineral dust, soil, and sea salt aerosols are among the most abundant primary inorganic aerosols in the atmosphere, and their hygroscopicity affects the hydrological cycle and global climate. We investigated the hygroscopic behaviors of six Na- and K-containing salts commonly found in those primary organic aerosols. Their hygroscopic growths as a function of relative humidity (RH) agree well with thermodynamic model prediction. Temperature dependence of deliquescence RH (DRH) values for five of those salts was also investigated, which are comparable to those in literature within 1%–2% RH, most showing negative dependence on temperature. Hygroscopic growth curves of real-world soil and sea salt samples were also measured. The hygroscopic growths of two more-hydroscopic saline soil samples and of sea salt can be predicted by the thermodynamic model based on the measured water-soluble ionic composition. The substantial amounts of water-soluble ions, including Na⁺ and K⁺, in saline soil samples imply that even nascent saline soil samples are quite hygroscopic at high-RH (>80%) conditions. For three less-hygroscopic dust samples, however, measurements showed higher water uptake ability than that predicted by the thermodynamic model. The small amount of water taken up by less-hygroscopic dust samples suggests that dust particles might contain thin layers of water even to very low RH. The results of this study provide a comprehensive characterization of the hygroscopicity of Na- and K-containing salts as related to their roles in the hygroscopic behaviors of saline mineral dusts and sea salt aerosols.