19世纪是我国特大暴雨洪水发生期

本文用大量资料,论述了我国七个江河历史首位洪水均发生在19世纪。而且,洪水泛滥使得平原地区的水系迁移、湖泊淤缩极为严重。同时,存洪水年前后,伴随着一系列寒冷、干旱的气候异常现象。     

超塑成形定时凸轮塑料模型腔

此文介绍了采用Zn-22％Al超塑合金超塑成形出一般加工方法难以制造的定时凸轮塑料注射模型腔,具有周期短、成本低、质量高等特点。     

Theory and Model of Agricultural Insurance Subsidy

The issue of agricultural insurance subsidy is discussed in this paper aiming to make it provided more rationally and scientifically. It is started with the connection between agricultural insurance and financial subsidy. It is really necessary and crucial to implement the financial insurance due to the bad operational performance, especially in the developing countries. But the subsidy should be provided more rationally because financial subsidy has lots of negative effects. A model in competitive insurance markets developed by Ahsan et al （1982） and a farmers＇ decision model are developed to solve the optimal subsidized rate. Finally, the equation is got to calculate it. But a quantitative subsidized rate is not made here because the calculation should be under some restricted conditions, which are always absent in the developing countries. So the government should provide some subsidy for the ex ante research and preparation to get the scientific probability and premium rate.     

《地震学刊》的刊徽设计

提出了刊徽设计的原则和要求。所设计的《地震学刊》的刊徽是个由经纬网格所构成的公转着的地球。经纬网格由ＳＪ两个字母和两条细线所组成。ＳＪ为《地震学刊》英文名和江苏的汉语拼音名的缩写。Ｓ表示大地震所激发的地球自由振动的一阶振型；两条细线既表示经线，又表示地球自由振动的基振型。     

Ultrafine particle emission characteristics of diesel engine by on-board and test bench measurement

This study investigated the emission characteristics of ultrafine particles based on test bench and on-board measurements. The bench test results showed the ultrafine particle number concentration of the diesel engine to be in the range of (0.56-8.35) × 10⁸ cm^-3. The on-board measurement results illustrated that the ultrafine particles were strongly correlated with changes in real-world driving cycles. The particle number concentration was down to 2.0 × 10⁶ cm^-3 and 2.7 × 10⁷ cm^-3 under decelerating and idling operations and as high as 5.0 × 10⁸ cm^-3 under accelerating operation. It was also indicated that the particle number measured by the two methods increased with the growth of engine load at each engine speed in both cases. The particle number presented a "U" shaped distribution with changing speed at high engine load conditions, which implies that the particle number will reach its lowest level at medium engine speeds. The particle sizes of both measurements showed single mode distributions. The peak of particle size was located at about 50-80 nm in the accumulation mode particle range. Nucleation mode particles will significantly increase at low engine load operations like idling and decelerating caused by the high concentration of unburned organic compounds.     

高指数晶面TiO2对铬的吸附及光催化去除

由工业生产引起的铬污染是环境领域面临的一大挑战.二氧化钛(TiO_2)材料因其吸附催化的双重作用在铬的去除方面具有潜在应用前景.利用溶剂热法合成高指数晶面TiO_2{201},对其进行SEM、TEM、XRD及XPS表征,并用于Cr(Ⅲ/Ⅵ)的吸附及Cr(Ⅵ)的光催化还原,以达到从水体中去除铬的目的.所合成的TiO_2{201}为锐钛矿相,呈蒲公英状的层级结构. Langmuir吸附等温线结果表明,TiO_2{201}对Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ)的最大吸附量分别为22. 7 mg·g-1和13. 2 mg·g-1,Freundlich模型拟合结果表明TiO_2{201}对Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附均易于进行,其1/n均小于0. 5.在紫外光照条件下,TiO_2{201}作为光催化剂可将毒性较强且吸附去除效果较差的Cr(Ⅵ)还原成Cr(Ⅲ),并以Cr(OH)3及Cr2O3的形式沉淀在TiO_2表面,XPS表征结果进一步证实了表面沉淀的存在.为探明TiO_2{201}光催化还原Cr(Ⅵ)的机制,分别研究光生空穴淬灭剂(EDTA-2Na)和光生电子淬灭剂(KBr O3)对Cr(Ⅵ)还原效率的影响,证明Cr(Ⅵ)的还原是由光生电子引起.     

PM2.5中类腐殖质表面活性测定方法与实例分析

建立了大气细粒子中类腐殖质（HULIS）表面活性的动态表征方法,并以华北平原乡村站点冬季大气PM_2.5样品为例,对PM_2.5中HULIS的表面活性进行表征.HULIS碳质组分（HULIS-C）浓度为2.0~4.6μg C/m³,占水溶性有机碳和总有机碳的比例分别为31%~40%和20%~26%.浓度为88~200mg C/L的HULIS水溶液,其表面张力相对于纯水降低了18%~22%.HULIS-C浓度在低于70mg C/L时表面张力降低显著,在88~320mg C/L之间降低相对缓慢.动态表面张力随着时间变化逐渐降低,在液滴形成后200s以内表面张力下降迅速,之后趋于平缓,说明表面活性分子在液滴中扩散趋于稳定需要一定的时间,该特征时间可能影响表面活性物质在云凝结核活化时的作用.证实了在污染地区的大气PM_2.5中含有一定量的表面活性物质,这些物质可能对颗粒物活化为云滴、雾滴过程产生显著影响;表面活性物质的存在可能在外界湿度变化过程中导致颗粒物发生液-液相分离现象,在颗粒物表面形成有机膜,影响活性分子摄取以及半挥发性物质的气-粒分配过程,从而影响大气非均相反应过程.     

不同条件下进行渗后扩散的铝硅涂层氧化行为研究

目的提高铝硅涂层的抗氧化性能。方法采用料浆法在DZ417G定向凝固镍基高温合金叶片的燃气流道表面制备铝硅防护涂层,通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分析不同条件下进行渗后扩散的铝硅涂层表面显微组织形貌和截面显微组织形貌。结果无保护气氛下进行渗后扩散处理的铝硅涂层,在扩散过程中就已经发生了氧化,氧化过程首先形成多孔非致密结构的θ-Al_2O_3相,随着氧化过程的进行,θ-Al_2O_3相逐渐转变成致密结构的α-Al_2O_3相,从而起到真正的抗氧化作用。结论铝硅涂层中的Al元素提前被消耗,对铝硅涂层的使用寿命存在一定影响,因而渗后扩散须保证在真空条件下或有保护气氛条件下进行,使叶片表面渗后的铝浓度达到一定的要求,从而在使用过程中可以生成致密结构的α-Al_2O_3相,起到抗氧化作用,提高叶片的使用寿命。     

华中地区冬季灰霾天气下PM2.5中重金属污染特征及健康风险评价:以湖北黄冈为例

为探究华中地区灰霾天PM_2.5中重金属元素的污染特征及其潜在健康风险,于2018年1月13~24日对华中区域观测点——黄冈站点加密采集PM_2.5样品.采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪（ICP-MS）对PM_2.5中Cr、Mn、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Sn和Pb进行分析,通过富集因子法对其污染特征进行探讨,并采用美国环保署推荐的暴露模型对其潜在风险进行评估.结果表明,观测期间PM_2.5中Zn质量浓度最高,致癌物质As、Cd质量浓度均高于我国环境空气质量标准（GB 3095-2012）的二级标准限值,70%的元素质量浓度在灰霾中期占比最大.富集因子分析显示,Cd、Sn、Co、Pb和Zn富集程度最高,特别是在灰霾中期,这些物质主要来源于交通和燃煤.人体健康风险评价结果显示,手口摄食是引起非致癌风险的主要途径,儿童的暴露量和非致癌风险均明显高于成人.Pb对儿童存在非致癌风险,PM_2.5中重金属对成人不具有非致癌风险且致癌重金属不具有致癌风险.     

旅游业推行清洁生产与可持续旅游发展

本文尝试将清洁生产的理论与方法导入旅游业 ,探讨了旅游业清洁生产的概念、必要性、内容和模式 ,进而就旅游业清洁生产与可持续旅游发展的关系及清洁生产的实施途径进行了探讨