氯氟烃替代物的开发研究进展

重点介绍了近年来国内外对氯氟烃替代物的研究开发动向，并简要地介绍了主要替代物的性能及应用情况。     

黄土残塬沟壑区土地开发适宜性评价方法研究

以发展经济为准绳，利用生物措施，开发土地资源，是有效地控制和改善黄土残塬沟壑区日益恶化的生态环境的根本保证。本文针对如何合理地利用农作物、果树、林木和牧草开发土地资源问题，提出了土地开发的适宜性评价方法，并以土地调查的小斑为单元，选用了原土地利用类型、坡度、坡向和海拔高程４个指标，对地处这一地区且作为国家＂八五＂重点攻关项目的隰县试验区的土地开发适宜性进行了评价，经初步开发实施，已收到了显著效果。     

Thermodynamic analysis of the role of chlorine and sulfur environments during combustion and incineration processes

 In order to control the emission of trace metals from combustion and incineration systems, sorbents and filters are sometimes used. However, the effectiveness of these methods is greatly affected by the volatility of the metals and the way in which they speciate during combustion, and afterwards during condensation, and physical or chemical sorption. Although there has been a lot of research into the mechanisms by which trace metals speciate and subsequently appear in submicron particles, the details of these mechanisms are not yet thoroughly understood. In this study, a chemical equilibrium approach was used to qualitatively determine the speciation of lead, cadmium, and chromium in Cl and S environments. The reaction conditions of sorbents were also tested numerically in order to understand the reaction behavior of metals with sorbents. This article reports the influence of different concentrations of Cl and SO₂ on Pb, Cd, and Cr speciation, as representatives of other trace elements. The partitioning behavior of metals during combustion was also examined for Cl and S. The results obtained indicate that most metals exist in the vapor phase, even at low temperatures, when chlorine is present. However, the addition of SO₂ enhances the formation of the condensed phase, except at extremely high temperatures. This observation was not significant for Cd or Cr. The higher the concentration of Cl the higher the retention of trace metals in the vapor phase, even at low temperatures. Results from comparisons of the reactivities of mixed metals with Cl indicate that the presence of Fe limits the reactivity of most trace metals with Cl except at higher concentrations. In the presence of Fe, alkali metals are the first to react with Cl. If Fe is not present, most trace metals react with Cl, and the activity increases with higher concentrations. On the other hand, the partitioning characteristics of S show that its presence generally means that metals remain in the condensed phase. Sulfur is more reactive with alkali metals than with other trace metals. Received: June 6, 2001 / Accepted: April 30, 2002     

烟气脱硫除尘设备和技术的研究及应用

论述了文氏栅洗涤器及其配套系统的研究和应用，介绍了新研制的采用双碱法结合的湿式脱硫除尘一体化设备——文氏栅洗涤器对工业炉窑的烟气进行脱硫除尘的工程应用情况。与同类工业窑炉烟气脱硫除尘设备相比。文氏栅洗涤器具有体积小，效率高，设备阻力低，耐腐蚀，抗结垢，适用不同的烟气量。组合性好，造价低等特点。是用于工业炉窑烟气脱硫除尘的理想设备。     

近50年金沙江各区段年径流量变化及分析

为深入探究不同自然地理条件下金沙江流域的径流特性,将屏山站以上区域分为6个区段,采用线性倾向估计、Spearman秩次相关检验、Mann Kendall检验、有序聚类分析、秩和检验等方法,分析了1960~2015年各区段径流序列,并结合流域的水文要素和人类活动情况讨论了影响径流量变化的因素。结果表明: 近50 a仅直门达以上区段和华弹-屏山区段径流变化在全时段有显著趋势,分别是上升和下降;但在近20 a中下游的石鼓-攀枝花、攀枝花-华弹、华弹-屏山区段均呈现明显的下降趋势。90年代后多个区段经历了突变。分析表明降水是近50 a来径流变化的主要驱动因素;其中石鼓站以上区段和雅砻江流域受降水影响最大。没有充足证据表明持续上升的气温对各区段径流量造成足够的影响。进入21世纪后,以水土保持措施为代表的人类活动是下游攀枝花-华弹、华弹-屏山区段径流减少的重要因素,但主导因素仍为降水。此外,雅砻江流域和华弹-屏山区段内大型水库投运前的初期蓄水对当年径流量有显著影响;蓄水后的水库蒸发及引水工程的损失对径流影响则相对较小。     

中部3省城市建设用地功能时空演化特征

定量识别区域城市建设用地功能演化特征与模式,是推进可持续城市建设用地开发利用与管理、助力新型城镇化等国家战略的重要基础。从人口承载、生产与消费、公共服务3个方面构建了城市建设用地功能评价指标体系与模型,以地级市为研究单元探究了2000~2014年期间我国中部3省多尺度城市建设用地功能演化特征与模式。研究结果表明:(1)中部3省城市建设用地人口承载、生产与消费、公共服务和综合功能总体呈改善趋势,但演化过程复杂;(2)不同尺度尤其是城市群地区城市建设用地功能演化特征差异明显。沿长江和城市群地区城市建设用地功能演化强度高,但城市群地区空间异质性较强;(3)城市建设用地功能演化以复合型演化模式为主,演化格局复杂。其中,城市建设用地人口承载功能演化模式类型最多,且局部地区呈衰退型演化格局;城市建设用地生产与消费、公共服务功能和综合功能演化模式类型相对较少,且大多集中连片分布,武汉城市建设用地综合功能加速改善型演化特征显著。如何深入探究城市建设用地功能演化模式形成机理,并系统制定多级城市建设用地可持续利用管理策略,是实现我国新型城镇化和"美丽中国梦"等战略的重要任务。     

大连地区唐氏筛查孕中期妇女羊水中甲状腺激素水平与PBDEs内暴露关系初探

多溴联苯醚(polybrominated diphenyl ethers,PBDEs)是一类常用的溴代阻燃剂,由于使用广泛,已成为普遍存在的环境污染物。研究表明,PBDEs具有内分泌干扰作用,影响甲状腺功能,对胚胎发育、婴幼儿及儿童的健康存在潜在的危害。本研究采集了100例具羊水穿刺指征的孕妇的孕中期羊水样本,采用罗氏全自动电化学发光免疫分析仪测定羊水中促甲状腺激素(TSH)、三碘甲状腺原氨酸(TT3)、游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT3)、甲状腺素(TT4)、游离甲状腺素(FT4)、抗甲状腺过氧化酶抗体(TPOA)和抗甲状腺球蛋白抗体(TGA)的含量,用气相色谱-负化学源-质谱法测定羊水样品中16种PBDEs同系物含量。结果显示,羊水中TSH、TT3、FT3、TT4、FT4中位数分别为0.342μIU·m L-1、0.949 nmol·L-1、1.52 pmol·L-1、11.02 nmol·L-1和3.91pmol·L-1,95%参考区间值分别为0.174~0.872μIU·m L-1、0.835~1.01 nmol·L-1、1.26~2.72 pmol·L-1、9.42~20.68 nmol·L-1和2.16~6.35 pmol·L-1。具有唐氏筛查高风险和甲状腺激素水平低下的羊水样品中共检出6种BDEs(BDE-47、BDE-71、BDE-138、BDE-183、BDE-190、BDE-209),其中BDE-71、183和190在被检羊水样品中均被检出,并且,TSH水平低下的羊水中BDE-190和209负荷水平显著高于正常组。这些结果提示,大连地区孕中期妇女羊水存在PBEDs内暴露,并且PBDEs内暴露可能与羊水的甲状腺激素水平低下、尤其TSH水平升高有关,提示PBDEs暴露可能与胎儿中枢神经系统损伤产生的下丘脑-垂体-甲状腺(HPT)轴功能失调有关。因此,羊水PBDEs内暴露对新生儿出生结局的影响值得进一步关注。     

Applying the GM(1,1) model to simulate and predict the ecological footprint values of Suzhou city,China

The ecological footprint value (abbreviated as EF) is the quantitative indicator on evaluating the sustainable development status of a region. How to simulate the EF’s trend with a long-time data series has been heatedly discussed. The economic development of Suzhou, one of the most developed cities in Yangtze Delta, China, has been accelerated in the past 20 years, and it is necessary to evaluate the influence of the socioeconomic growth on local natural resources. The EF values of Suzhou from 1999 to 2018 were calculated and simulated using both the ARIMA model and the GM(1,1) model. The ARIMA model has been used in the prediction of EF values in several cases. However, the EF data series of the city consisted of white noise and could not be fitted by the ARIMA model. The GM(1,1) model, an approach forecasting nonlinear data series, was not found in the studies of the EF simulation. Through the model precision test, the GM(1,1) model introduced fit the EF data series well and was considered to be appropriate to simulate the EF values for Suzhou. The fitting performance was accurate, and the EF values of the city could be forecasted by the model in short term. With the proposed model, the ecological sustainability status of the city was analyzed.

     

管式膜分离器净化含苯废气的研究

试验以管式硅橡胶膜分离器处理含苯废气,测定了在此种膜分离器中含有苯、二甲苯的废气对空气的分离因子,并推导出分离因子与流过管式膜分离器的气体雷诺数关系.低浓度含苯废气经膜分离使苯蒸气富集,然后加以回收或以催化燃烧方法处理。     

水力负荷对生物陶粒反应器运行的影响

不力负荷较低是影响生物陶粒反应器在实际中运用推广的重要因素之一。本实验研究了不同水力负荷条件下生物陶粒反应器对进水中有机物,氨氮及其它污染物的去除效果。结果表明,不同水力负荷对生物陶粒反应器处理效果没有影响,对ＯＣ,氨氮,ＵＶ２５４,色度和浊度去除率分别为２０％,９０％,３０％,３８％,７６％。