燃煤小锅炉替代方案论证及效益分析——以济南市为例

通过对燃煤小锅炉各可行替代方案的分析,从环境标准要求、政策要求、环境效益、经济效益和节能等方面,论证了燃煤小锅炉替代的必要性与可行性。结果表明天然气、电和生物质锅炉及集中供热均具有良好的环境效益和经济可行性,可作为燃煤小锅炉的替代方案。济南市通过实施燃煤小锅炉替代,预计将减少烟尘排放量182.61 t/a,减少SO_2排放量898.8 t/a,减少NO_x排放量2 710.7 t/a,与淘汰前燃煤小锅炉排放量相比,分别降低了87.7%、82.9%和86.2%,年可节约折标煤140 903.27 t。节能减排效益显著。可为同类燃煤小锅炉替代工程提供参考。     

贵阳城市环境功能定位研究

环境功能定位是城市环境总体规划的重要组成内容和出发点,同时也是城市维持环境功能、环境形态和环境安全的基础。文章以第二批城市环境总体规划试点城市之一的贵阳市为案例,结合城市环境功能定位的经验方法,从大系统和长周期角度出发,分析了长江流域和长江经济带对贵阳市的环境功能需求,梳理了贵阳市环境问题演变和与工业化、城镇化发展历程之间的相互关系,对比分析了贵阳市在西南地区主要城市中的环境比较优势,最终得出贵阳市的4大环境功能定位。最后分析了贵阳市发挥4大环境功能存在的问题和挑战,并且提出了相应的对策建议。     

CaO2不同投加方式对黑臭河道底泥内源磷释放抑制作用

以S市某黑臭河道底泥和上覆水为研究材料,研究了CaO_2在3种不同投加方式下对内源磷释放的抑制效果.结果表明CaO_2在3种投加方式下,均导致上覆水中pH和DO有所增加.注射条件下,上覆水DO浓度明显低于覆盖,说明注射确实延缓了CaO_2的氧化速度,有利于创造底泥微氧化环境.CaO_2覆盖和注射条件下,上覆水中TP和DIP浓度以及变化趋势基本一致,均明显低于混匀条件.但是,覆盖条件下,间隙水中DIP浓度最高,达到注射条件下的120.33~142.18倍.相反,注射条件下,间隙水中DIP浓度最低,并且上覆水中DIP浓度也较低,说明注射条件下CaO_2对内源磷的释放确有抑制作用,这与其创造的微氧化环境密切相关.底泥中不同形态磷数量分布也证实了这一点.投加CaO_2加快了有机磷的矿化速度,铁铝结合态磷和钙结合态磷也明显增加,使得内源磷持留能力增强.     

不同营养水平下沉水植物的抑藻效应

控制水体的营养盐浓度,尤其是磷浓度,可以控制藻类水华的发生.然而,经济成本很高.相对藻类而言,沉水植物对水体营养盐升高敏感性更低,且沉水植物的存在可以改变藻类的群落结构和生长速率.为探讨沉水植物在营养盐与蓝藻水华控制关系中的作用,本研究探讨了有无水生植物存在下,不同营养盐浓度(磷浓度分别为0.025、0.05、0.1 mg·L~(-1),对应地表水Ⅲ～Ⅴ类)下蓝藻水华暴发(chlorophyll-a10μg·L~(-1))的频率、强度和持续时间.结果表明,初始藻浓度为5μg·L~(-1)和10μg·L~(-1)情况下,3种磷浓度下都会发生水华,磷浓度的升高会导致蓝藻水华暴发的强度和持续时间增加.然而,在加入水生植物金鱼藻后,初始藻浓度为5μg·L~(-1)的条件下,没有形成水华.初始藻浓度为10μg·L~(-1)的条件下,各处理组在实验初始时会形成短暂水华,之后,各处理组的叶绿素a浓度均低于10μg·L~(-1),显示蓝藻生长受到抑制.因此,沉水植物存在情况下,在营养盐较高的水体,蓝藻水华也不会发生.     

我国东北地区地表水酸化现状

2011年8月对我国东北地区东部的溪流进行采样调查,以评价地表水的酸化现状.通过对采集的33个水体pH值和酸中和容量(ANC)的分析发现,只有长白山上少数溪流的pH值低于6.0,而所有采样水体的ANC均高于0.2 meq.L-1,说明该地区尚未大面积发生地表水酸化问题.离子浓度分析结果表明,HCO3-是水体中最主要的阴离子,而SO24-浓度往往小于150μeq.L-1,NO3-浓度更是远低于SO24-,这说明该地区酸沉降污染较轻.但是,东北地区广泛分布着风化速率较低的酸性森林土壤,导致一些水体缓冲酸沉降的能力较弱,水体酸化的可能性仍然存在.以此类推,东北亚目前的酸沉降水平尚不足以产生严重的地表水酸化问题,周边国家不应过分夸大我国排放酸性气体的越境输送导致的环境影响.     

Nonthermal GSM RF and ELF EMF effects upon rat BBB permeability

Since the late 1980s, our group has examined the effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF), including pulse-modulated waves of the type emitted by mobile phones, upon the blood?Cbrain barrier. In more than 2,000 rats, we have repeatedly demonstrated a passage of the rats?? own albumin from the blood through the brain capillaries into the surrounding brain parenchyma at SAR values down to 0.1mW/kg. In most of these experiments, the animals were exposed in TEM-cells, ventilated by an external electrical fan at 50 Hz. In the present study, we examined whether the extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic fields from the fan (50 Hz, 0.3?C1.5 ??T) might add to the RF effect. Sixty-four rats were divided into 4 groups: RF only, ELF only and RF + ELF exposure plus a sham group. The GSM-900 MHz RF exposure was at the very low, nonthermal, average whole-body SAR level 0.4 mW/kg. Demonstration of the normally occurring albumin extravasation in the basal hypothalamus is our inbuilt control proving that the staining is reliable. Two full series of staining of the whole material gave negative results for hypothalamus. Not until we changed to avidin, biotin, and antibodies from a third supplier, we received an acceptable staining. Twenty-five percent of the RF animals had a pathological albumin leakage, while the ELF and RF + ELF groups with three and two pathological findings, respectively, were not significantly different from the control group. We conclude that the use of external fans has had no major influence upon the result.     

基于贝叶斯网络的尾流事故机理分析

针对事故树分析法的局限性,在尾流事故树的基础上,建立贝叶斯网络(BN)。运用推理运算对BN进行定量分析,得出:空中交通密度太大、空中交通管制(ATC)间隔判断错误和短期冲突告警(STCA)被忽略是事故的关键致因。将针对致因提出的改进措施引入到BN中,评价相关措施的有效性。应用BN进行尾流事故的机理分析,能够以比逻辑门更好的形式表达变量间的不确定性关系,从而更加方便地找到导致事故发生的关键因素。     

复合除尘技术在烧结机电除尘器改造中的应用

简要介绍了电袋复合除尘器的技术特点及其在烧结机机尾旧电除尘器改造中的应用。电袋复合除尘器集合了电除尘器和布袋除尘器的优点,除尘效率高,系统运行阻力低,滤袋使用寿命长,应用于旧电除尘器的改造,具有良好的经济效益和环保效益。     

Magnetic microsphere confined ionic liquid as a novel sorbent for the determination of chlorophenols in environmental water samples by liquid chromatography

Magnetic microsphere confined ionic liquid was synthesized by covalently bonding N-methylimidazolium on magnetic microspheres. The functionalized magnetic microspheres were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometry, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The prepared material was used for the preconcentration of three chlorophenols (CPs) in water combined with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Several conditions that probably affected the extraction efficiency such as standing time, eluent and its volume, sample pH and volume, were optimized. Under the optimal conditions, good recoveries (70.3-88.8%) were achieved with satisfactory relative standard deviations (RSDs) of less than 6.0%. The limits of detection for the three CPs were 0.20-0.35 μg L(-1). The results indicated that the ionic liquid-functionalized magnetic microspheres show significant promise for the analysis of CPs in environmental samples.     

2株石油降解菌生长和降解石油条件的优化

对2株石油降解菌DH-5和DH-9生长的最适培养基成分以及降解石油的最佳环境条件进行了筛选。结果表明,DH-5的最佳培养基成分为ρ(原油)1 g.L-1、ρ(氮源)400 mg.L-1、ρ(磷源)200 mg.L-1、ρ(酵母浸出液)20 mg.L-1,最有效利用的氨基酸为精氨酸,最适环境条件为pH 7.0、盐度20、温度15～30℃;DH-9的最佳培养基成分为ρ(原油)1 g.L-1、ρ(氮源)400 mg.L-1、ρ(磷源)100 mg.L-1、ρ(酵母浸出液)20 mg.L-1,最有效利用的氨基酸为天冬氨酸,最适环境条件为pH 7.5、盐度20、温度30℃。当ρ(原油)为20 g.L-1时,DH-9的生物量和原油降解率分别是DH-5的2.58倍和2.29倍。研究表明,DH-9对高浓度原油的耐受性明显强于DH-5,而DH-5对低温的适应性优于DH-9,2个菌株对高盐度的适应性均较强。