生态系统主要服务功能及评价方法研究述评

近年来,生态系统的服务功能得到了广泛关注,成为国际生态学领域研究的热点。目前普遍认可:生态系统服务是指自然生态系统及其物种所提供的能够满足和维持人类生活需要的条件和过程,生态系统服务功能在景观和区域层次上的表现主要有涵养水源、维持生物多样性、保持水土、净化空气和水、文化科学教育功能等。本文在参考大量前人研究的基础上,介绍了生态系统服务功能国内外研究进展,并从涵养水源、生物多样性维持和水土保持3个方面对生态系统服务功能的计量评价方法进行探讨,以期有助于后续研究。     

红外图谱计算机解析研究

本文提供了被认为比较准确的32种有机分子特征基团红外光谱吸收范围;提出了红外仪扫描时计算机同时采集数据,红外扫描结束后,计算机不用人工干予自动利用有机分子基团的特征吸收峰的峰位、强度信息判断有机分子所含基团的图谱解析方法。并提供了程序设计框图。给出了40个较有代表性化合物的图谱解析实验结果。     

湛江港临近海域养殖区的贝类毒素

为掌握湛江港临近海域养殖区贝类毒素的特征情况,近几年来,作者在多个采样点进行了样品采集,小白鼠生物法和高效液相色谱法的检测结果表明:(1)多种贝类体中检测出PSP,而DSP则更为普遍。(2)所检测的12种PSP成分在该海域均存在。不同的贝类,其毒素成分情况有所不同。PSP各成分有一定的季节性变化规律。消化腺中各毒性成分含量值相对较高。(3)PSP毒素值较低,未超标,仅在春秋季节检出。DSP毒素在各季节均存在,并有超标现象,从阳性率和超标率来看,秋季春季冬季。春秋季节应特别注意水产品的食用安全。(4)多处地区毒素含量值较高。     

城市污泥的特性及管道输送技术研究

城市脱水污泥常见的处置方式是焚烧、燃烧发电、堆肥后土地化利用和填埋等。无论采用哪种无害化、资源化处置方法,输送环节都是必不可少的。城市污泥管道输送技术是以管道输送设备为核心,融合城市污泥的预处理和处置工艺的集成化系统。通过对城市污泥的流变特性和输送特性实验测试,其流变方程符合幂定律关系式;通过环管实验拟合出了污泥在管道中的阻力损失与输送距离和输送流量之间的关系,经验证,其理论计算和实际测定基本相符,证明管道输送方式能够成功地应用于城市污泥的远距离输送,为城市污泥管道输送系统的优化设计提供了理论依据。     

应用PLC控制器解决螺杆制冷压缩机的负荷控制

针对螺杆制冷压缩机普遍存在的负荷自动加栽的技术难题,通过采集蒸发压力信号作为控制基准,应用PLC控制器控制负荷加/减载,解决了负荷自动加载问题,改善了安全生产状况,减轻了操作人员劳动强度.     

Development of environmental management system in China's financial sector

The establishment of the environmental management system in the financial sector can be effectively promoted through the introduction of the environmental protection concept and its implementation by the financial sector. The impact of a sustainable development system on the sector is analyzed in this article from three aspects: environmental risk assessment, financing support for environmental protection projects, and financial services to environmentally friendly corporations and individuals. Influential factors on the development of the environmental management system in China’s financial sector are discussed from the perspective of various entities such as financial institutions, financial regulation authorities, environmental protection departments, corporations, and the public. It is pointed out that China’s financial sector is now in the transitional phase from a defensive attitude to a preventive attitude. Strengthening governmental guidance, the supervision of regulators as well as public awareness of environmental protection should be used to enhance the initiative in the development of the environmental management system in the Chinese financial sector.     

中国战略环境评价（SEA）研究进展及发展趋势

自1990年战略环境评价引入中国以来,SEA在中国已经有了很大发展。中国政府已于2002年颁布了《中华人民共和国环境影响评价法》（以下称“环评法”）,该法中明确规定了对各级政府制定的规划需要进行SEA。通过运用资料调查和文献分析等方法,针对环评法实施后中国SEA实践和学术研究成果进行分析,并探讨中国SEA主要层次一规划环境影响评价的研究现状,总结发展特点;结合中国国情提出中国SEA发展趋势。     

氮素在土壤-作物中迁移转化的试验研究

为研究氮素在土壤和作物体系中的运移规律。本文开展土壤箱栽试验,分析农作物玉米在关中盆地3种不同类型土壤中对氮素的吸收以及土壤中氮素的迁移转化规律。结果表明,在试验初期,3种土壤中三氮主要以NH4＋的形式存在,随着农作物生长NH4＋含量减少,同时NO2-和NO3-含量均有不同程度的累积。作物收获后,土壤和作物体系中有相当数量的氮素残留,而且土壤中氮残留相对较高,导致氮素的损失率较大,流失的N素必将会对土壤、甚至地下水产生污染,因此建议该地区针对不同的土壤类型控制氮肥施用量,合理施用氮肥。     

基于直接进样-超高效液相色谱串联质谱法的水中2甲4氯残留测定

针对目前水体中MCPA检测灵敏度不够,缺乏一种无需前处理、可直接上机、简单便捷方法的问题,以超高液相色谱串联质谱仪,建立了一种以电喷雾离子源ESI-为电离模式、MRM为监测模式、可直接进样测定水体中MCPA残留的方法。结果表明,最优方法条件为定量离子对199.0/140.9(m/z),流动相乙腈和水梯度洗脱,色谱柱Acquity UPLC HSS T3。在MCPA质量浓度为0.1~100μg/L范围内线性良好(R2=99.99%),检出限为0.006μg/L,定量限为0.018μg/L,是现有直接进样法的23~83倍,完全满足水体中MCPA的检测要求(<0.1μg/L)。在添加水平为1~100μg/L时,回收率为94.30%~105.60%,相对标准偏差为1.05%~3.61%,具有前处理简单、准确性高、精密度好、灵敏度高等优点。     

Evaluation of the infectivity, gene and antigenicity persistence of rotaviruses by free chlorine disinfection

The effects of free chlorine disinfection of tap water and wastewater effluents on the infectivity, gene integrity and surface antigens of rotaviruses were evaluated by a bench-scale chlorine disinfection experiments. Plaque assays, integrated cell culture-quantitative RT-PCR (ICC-RT-qPCR), RT-qPCR, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), respectively, were used to assess the influence of the disinfectant on virus infectivity as well as genetic and antigenic integrity of simian rotavirus SA11 as a surrogate for human rotaviruses. The ICC-RT-qPCR was able to detect rotaviruses survival from chlorine disinfection at chlorine dose up to 20 mg/L (60 min contact), which suggested a required chlorine dose of 5 folds (from 1 to 5 mg/L) higher than that indicated by the plaque assay to achieve 1.8 log₁₀ reductions in tap water with 60 min exposing. The VP7 gene was more resistant than the infectivity and existed at chlorine dose up to 20 mg/L (60 min contact), while the antigencity was undetectable with chlorine dose more than 5 mg/L (60 min contact). The water quality also impacted the inactivation efficiencies, and rotaviruses have a relatively higher resistant in secondary effluents than in the tap water under the same chlorine disinfection treatments. This study indicated that rotaviruses have a higher infectivity, gene and antigencity resistance to chlorine than that previously indicated by plaque assay only, which seemed to underestimate the resistance of rotaviruses to chlorine and the risk of rotaviruses in environments. Present results also suggested that re-evaluation of resistance of other waterborne viruses after disinfections by more sensitive infectivity detection method (such as ICC-RT-qPCR) may be necessary, to determine the adequate disinfectant doses required for the inactivation of waterborne viruses.