针对PM2．5的武汉市大气监测点位的布局研究

武汉城市规模的扩大以及市内和周边的产业布局调整使得原有的大气监测网络不能准确反映城市大气污染现状,亟需进行布局优化。研究基于宏观视角,通过对武汉市自然条件、污染源分布和城市的发展规划进行综合分析,认为武汉市的大气污染以本地区的污染源影响为主;由于城市发展的“主城为核,多轴多心”空间结构,每个新城建成区应增设2-4个空气质量评价点,并按照人口比例作为权重纳入空气数据均值的计算;位于主城区的原有监测点基于PM2.5与原有监测项目有比较显著的相关性,可以继续使用。     

Influence of fuel moisture, charge size, feeding rate and air ventilation conditions on the emissions of PM, OC, EC, parent PAHs, and their derivatives from residential wood combustion

Controlled combustion experiments were conducted to investigate the influence of fuel charge size, moisture, air ventilation and feeding rate on the emission factors (EFs) of carbonaceous particulate matter, parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pPAHs) and their derivatives from residential wood combustion in a typical brick cooking stove. Measured EFs were found to be independent of fuel charge size, but increased with increasing fuel moisture. Pollution emissions from the normal burning under an adequate air supply condition were the lowest for most pollutants, while more pollutants were emitted when an oxygen deficient atmosphere was formed in the stove chamber during fast burning. The impacts of these factors on the size distribution of emitted particles was also studied. Modified combustion efficiency and the four investigated factors explained 68%, 72%, and 64% of total variations in EFs of PM, organic carbon, and oxygenated PAHs, respectively, but only 36%, 38% and 42% of the total variations in EFs of elemental carbon, pPAHs and nitro-PAHs, respectively.     

Study of uncertainty of satellite and reanalysis precipitation products and their impact on hydrological simulation

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Satellite and reanalysis precipitation products are potential alternatives in hydrological studies, and it is very important to evaluate their...     

耦合气溶胶双参数化方案的大气能见度数值改进算法

将气溶胶复折射率（Aerosol Complex Refractive Index,ACRI）和气溶胶粒径吸湿增长因子（Growth Factor,Gf（RH））参数化方案进行耦合,提出了一种基于Mie散射模型的大气能见度数值改进算法.并利用成都市2017年10~12月WS600一体式气象站、AURORA-3000积分浊度计、AE-31黑碳仪以及GRIMM180环境颗粒物监测仪分别观测获得的相对湿度（RH）,干气溶胶散射系数（b_sp）,干气溶胶吸收系数（b_sp）,气溶胶质量浓度（PM₁₀,PM_2.5,PM₁）及其数浓度粒径分布（N[r（RH）]）的地面逐时观测资料,通过与两种能见度计算模型（经验参数的Mie散射模型和统计模型）在不同能见度区间（<2km,2~5km,5~10km,>10km）模拟结果的对比分析,评估了该改进算法的适用性.结果表明：三种能见度计算方法均能较好地模拟出能见度的变化特征;改进算法通过本地化参数化方案更准确地估计出DACRI和Gf（RH）,从而可更准确地模拟出四类能见度区间,对应模拟值与实测值的相关系数（R）分别为0.62,0.90,0.89,0.93,平均相对误差（MRE）分别为9.86%,10.39%,9.94%,14.06%.     

A2/O-BCO系统中碳源类型对反硝化除磷及菌群结构的影响

采用厌氧/缺氧/好氧-生物接触氧化(A²/O - BCO)工艺处理低碳氮(C/N)比污水, 考察单因素碳源(阶段Ⅰ: 乙酸钠; 阶段Ⅱ: 乙酸钠+丙酸钠; 阶段Ⅲ: 丙酸钠)对有机物去除以及同步脱氮除磷的影响, 并重点探究乙酸钠、丙酸钠混合碳源条件下内碳源(PHA、Gly)的转化利用以及反硝化除磷(DPR)机理, 同时通过高通量测序对比了不同阶段微生物菌群结构的演变规律.结果表明: 混合碳源提高了有机物、氮、磷的同步去除效率, 厌氧段内碳源转化量为226mg/h, 释磷量高达30.58mg/L, DPR效率稳定在90%以上; 批次试验表明反硝化聚磷菌(DPAOs)占聚磷菌(PAOs)的比例为72.42%, 基本实现了DPAOs的富集; 高通量测序结果表明混合碳源更有利于形成独特的OTUs菌群, PAOs(包括Accumulibacter和Acinetobacter)和DPAOs (包括Dechloromonas和Pseudomonas)总量高达29.13%(> 16.18%(阶段Ⅲ) > 14.34%(阶段Ⅰ)), 有效促进了碳源的高效利用以及反硝化除磷效率; BCO反应器中氨氧化菌(AOB, 包括Nitrosomonas和Nitrosomonadaceae)和亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB, 以Nitrospira为主)总量从3.89%(N1)增加到23.09%(N2)、37.23%(N3), 为反硝化除磷提供充足的电子受体; 此外, 建立了基于碳源高效利用的运行调控策略, 以期为A²/O - BCO工艺的推广应用提供理论参考.     

氯/氯胺和紫外顺序消毒对管网抗性基因的去除

为探究供水系统中氯/氯胺与低压紫外顺序消毒对抗生素抗性基因(ARGs)分布特征的影响,采用生物膜反应器模拟供水管网,对管网出水和生物膜进行60mJ/cm²低压紫外线(254nm)消毒,并利用高通量定量PCR技术检测模拟管网进、出水及生物膜内的典型ARGs和遗传原件(MGEs).结果表明,管网反应器运行150d,氯和氯胺管网出水ARGs总相对丰度分别为0.13和0.137,生物膜ARGs分别为2.45和0.277,表明供水管网中低剂量的氯或氯胺可有效降低水相和生物膜相中ARGs的相对丰度达90%,且氯胺消毒对生物膜中的ARGs控制作用更显著.氯和氯胺消毒后管网出水再经低压紫外线照射后,ARGs相对丰度分别为0.0682和0.0537,管网生物膜中ARGs的相对丰度分别为2.01和0.194.ARGs与MGEs间的相关性发生显著变化,转座子与strB和mepA的相关性增强,与ermX和tetM相关性减弱,而整合子与acrF、cmlA1-01、oprJ及tolC-01的相关性增强.研究表明,将紫外线消毒工艺设置在用水终端可以显著降低氯和氯胺管网水中ARGs丰度,但对管网生物膜中的ARGs影响较小.     

Assessment of health benefit of PM2.5 reduction during COVID-19 lockdown in China and separating contributions from anthropogenic emissions and meteorology

The national lockdown policies have drastically disrupted socioeconomic activities during the COVID-19 pandemic in China, which provides a unique opportunity to investigate the air quality response to such anthropogenic disruptions. And it is meaningful to evaluate the potential health impacts of air quality changes during the lockdown, especially for PM_2.5 with adverse health effects. In this study, by using PM_2.5 observations from 1388 monitoring stations nationwide in China, we examine the PM_2.5 variations between the COVID-19 lockdown (February and March in 2020) and the same period in 2015–2019, and find that the national average of PM_2.5 decreases by 18 μg/m³, and mean PM_2.5 for most sites (about 75%) decrease by 30%–60%. The anthropogenic and meteorological contributions to these PM_2.5 variations are also determined by using a stepwise multiple linear regression (MLR) model combined with the Kolmogorov–Zurbenko filter. Our results show that the change of anthropogenic emissions is a leading contributor to those widespread PM_2.5 reductions, and meteorological conditions have the negative influence on PM_2.5 reductions for some regions, such as Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH). Additionally, the avoided premature death due to PM_2.5 reduction is estimated as a predicted number based on a log-linear concentration-response function. The total avoided premature death is 9952 in China, with dominant contribution (94%) from anthropogenic emission changes. For BTH, Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta and Hubei regions, the reductions of PM_2.5 are 24.1, 24.3, 13.5 and 29.5 μg/m³, with the avoided premature deaths of 1066, 1963, 454 and 583, respectively.     

广西东南部容县崩塌滑坡的易发性评价

广西东南部容县的崩塌滑坡多发频发,对该县造成了严重的威胁。目前,由于缺乏崩塌滑坡易发性分区图,区域的防灾减灾工作正面临前所未有的挑战。因此,本文的目的是在基于对崩塌滑坡综合认识的基础上,采用信息量模型和逻辑回归模型来构建崩塌滑坡的易发性分区图。结果表明:(1)容县划分为极低、低、中、高易发区,信息量模型中四个区域的面积分别为0. 86%、26. 82%、44. 11%和28. 21%,逻辑回归模型中四个区域的面积分别为9. 88%、17. 73%、46. 36%和26. 03%;(2)崩塌滑坡在具备以下特征的区域发生:人类活动强度高、坡度为25°～35°、风化土层厚度大于15 m、岩性为花岗岩、页岩和泥岩;(3)两个模型的ROC曲线下的面积分别为0. 768 8和0. 736 2,相应的成功率分别为76. 88%、73. 62%。本文所采用的两种模型均具有有效的易发性评估能力并且能够达到预期的准确性,但信息量模型计算结果的精度较逻辑回归模型的略高。     

乙酸钠丙酸钠配比对A2/O-BCO反硝化除磷及菌群结构的影响

采用厌氧/缺氧/好氧和生物接触氧化反应器（A²/O-BCO）组成的反硝化除磷系统处理模拟生活污水,通过调节进水乙酸钠、丙酸钠的配比（乙酸钠：丙酸钠分别为1：0,2：1,1：1,1：2和0：1）,考察了系统对有机物的去除以及同步脱氮除磷的影响,同时通过高通量测序对比了不同配比下微生物菌群结构的变化.结果表明：乙酸钠丙酸钠配比对有机物和NH₄⁺-N的去除影响较小,对厌氧段有机物的消耗和TN的去除率以及磷的释放和吸收影响较为明显;TP去除率仅为50.3%~56.8%,需进一步优化系统的运行参数.当乙酸钠：丙酸钠=1：1时,厌氧段有机物消耗量最大,占有机物流入量的61.2%,厌氧释磷量最大（23.2mg/L）且缺氧吸磷率最高（71.4%）,而TN的去除效果则随丙酸钠含量的增加而增加.高通量测序结果表明：A²/O反应器中微生物多样性降低,混合碳源污泥中微生物多样性比单一碳源更丰富;驯化后的污泥中绿弯菌（Chloroflexi）和螺旋菌（Saccharibacteria）减少,变形菌（Proteobacteria）和拟杆菌（Bacteroidetes）增加.BCO反应器中Nitrospira和Nitrosomonas总占比为2.1%~31.4%,且抑制亚硝酸盐氧化菌（NOB）的活性,有利于短程硝化的实现.     

Characteristics of one-year observation of VOCs, NOx, and O3 at an urban site in Wuhan, China

A continuous online observation of ozone and its precursors(NOx, VOCs) was carried out in central urban Wuhan from September 2016 to August 2017. The concentration levels of ozone,NOx, VOCs and their variations in urban Wuhan were analyzed, as well as effects of VOCs on ozone photochemical generation and the main controlling factors for ozone production. During the observation period, the average concentrations of ozone and NOx in Wuhan was 22.63 and30.14 ppbv, respectively, and the average concentration of VOCs was 32.61 ppbv(42.3% alkanes,13.0% alkenes, 10.0% aromatics, 7.3% acetylene, 9.9% OVOCs, and 10.5% halohydrocarbons).Ozone concentration was higher in spring and summer as compared with autumn and winter,wheras VOCs and NOx concentratios were lower in spring and summer but higher in autumn and winter. Aromatics and alkenes, two of VOCs species, showed the highest contributions to ozone formation potential in Wuhan(35.7% alkenes, 35.4 aromatics, 17.5% alkanes, 8.6% OVOCs,1.6% halogenated hydrocarbons, and 1.4% acetylene). Among all VOCs species, those with the highest contribution were ethylene, m-xylene, toluene, propylene and o-xylene. The contribution of these five compounds to the total ozone formation potential concentration was 43.90%.Ozone-controlling factors in Wuhan changed within one day; during the early morning hours(6:00–9:00), VOCs/NOx was low, and ozone generation followed a VOCs-limited regime.However, during the peak time of ozone concentration(12:00–16:00), the ratio of VOCs/NOx was relatively high, suggesting that ozone generation followed a NOx-limited regime.