基于GIS的四川岷江上游杂谷脑流域农林复合景观格局优化

随着景观格局、生态过程与生态功能关系研究的深入,景观格局优化成为景观生态学研究中的前沿问题。景观格局优化的方法和判别准则随研究区的特点而异,从方法上进行景观格局优化探讨,在遥感和地理信息系统技术支持下建立了包括景观分类图(1974和2000年)、温度、降雨、地形图、土壤类型图等数据的空间数据库,利用地理信息系统强大的空间数据管理和空间分析与运算能力,以土地综合利用和土壤侵蚀为判别准则,引入了潜在土壤侵蚀强度这一概念,在地理信息系统环境中运用空间模拟和土地利用优先级规定,对岷江上游杂谷脑流域进行景观优化。结果显示优化后的景观格局显著改善土壤侵蚀问题     

Environmental attitudes of stakeholders and their perceptions regarding protected area-community conflicts: A case study in China

Large numbers of people living in and around protected areas are highly dependent on the natural resources. However, simply excluding them from the area management has always inevitably resulted in conflicts. We conducted a case study of the Protected Area of Jinyun Mountain (PJM) in China to evaluate social context variables, environmental attitudes, and perceptions regarding protected area-community conflicts. Data were collected through questionnaire surveys administered to four stakeholder groups (i.e. local farmers, government staff, business persons, and tourists). A total of 112 questionnaires were completed in December 2008, after the Sichuan Earthquake. The questionnaire consisted of three parts, social context (gender, race, age, income, and education level), protected area-community conflicts, and environmental attitudes. The New Ecological Paradigm (NEP) scores, which were employed to evaluate environmental attitudes, differed significantly among the stakeholder groups (P < 0.01). Specifically, government staff reported the highest and business persons did the lowest. Among the five items evaluated, anti-exemptionalism received the lowest score, while nature’s balance did the highest. Evaluation of the protected area-community relationship indicated that harmony and conflict both exist in the PJM, but have different forms among different stakeholders, and seem to be opposite between government staff and local farmers. Among the indexes, tourism primarily contributed to the harmonious aspect, while collection of NTFPs did to the conflicting one. Conflict scores were positively related to age and negatively related to education level. Respondents with higher NEP scores were more partial to the park management. Besides, the respondents with higher annual incomes tended to support the policy of harmonizing the relationship and lessening the harm of local communities to the area. To promote proenvironmental attitudes and alleviate the protected area-community conflicts, we recommend improving environmental education, establishing community co-management, and launching substitute sources of cash for traditional cultivation.     

日本企业环境经营评价方法与实践

近年来,随着各国政府对环境问题的日益重视及循环经济、低碳社会的迅速发展,环境经营理念已逐步为国际各大企业所重视,并开始付诸实施。而如何评价企业的环境经营行为,如何通过科学评价进一步促进企业环保业务的全面开展,已经成为亟待解决的实际问题。日本是最早提出企业环境经营理念并付诸实践的国家,本文对日本现行的企业环境经营评价方式与方法进行梳理,并通过案例分析,为我国企业环境经营评价体系的建立提供参考。     

The effect of polystyrene plastics on the toxicity of triphenyltin to the marine diatom Skeletonema costatum—influence of plastic particle size

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The effect of polystyrene (PS) particles on the toxicity of triphenyltin (TPT) to the marine diatom Skeletonema costatum was investigated. The...     

活性炭和沸石对氨氮的吸附特性及生物再生

采用活性炭和沸石作为吸附材料,分别考察了这两种吸附材料对水体中氨氮的吸附特性及其生物再生性能。实验结果表明,活性炭和沸石对水体中氨氮的等温吸附符合Freundlich等温式,其拟合度分别为0.9783和0.9303;静态吸附结果表明活性炭和沸石均具有较好的氨氮吸附性能,24 h内沸石对氨氮的吸附能力为1.27 mg/g,高于活性炭的0.53 mg/g;动态吸附中沸石达到吸附饱和的时间为96 h,较活性炭达到吸附饱和的时间长,沸石显示出作为氨氮吸附剂的优越性;活性炭和沸石经过96 h的生物再生后吸附性能获得一定程度的再生,出水中氨氮浓度比未进行生物再生前分别降低17.31 mg/L和8.32 mg/L,且都在表面形成了稳定的生物膜。     

沛沿河流域土壤肥料释放的降雨模拟研究

为有效控制农业面源污染,改善沛沿河流域水质状况,通过对水稻田、杨树林和果园的土壤分别施用不同类型化肥后,模拟研究了土壤在受雨水短期浸泡及连续降雨情况下氮、磷的释放特征。研究结果表明,稻田土壤对氮磷的保肥能力最佳,施肥时应以基肥为主;果园土壤及林地土壤的保肥能力均劣于稻田土壤,应采用少量多次追肥的方法。尿素与碳铵宜做基肥使用,而氯化铵与硫酸铵宜做追肥使用。     

钝顶螺旋藻固定模拟烟道气中的CO2

研究了钝顶螺旋藻对模拟烟道气中CO2的固定性能,及其对NOx和SOx水溶形态亚硝态氮、亚硫酸氢根的耐受性。结果显示:随CO2浓度的增加,藻细胞达到最大比生长速率的时间缩短,CO2浓度为15%时藻细胞比生长速率达到最大的时间最短,生物量最终达到最大值4.1 g/L;CO2浓度为15%时藻细胞的固碳率为12.34 mg/(L·h)。研究发现,钝顶螺旋藻能够耐受浓度小于10 mmol/L的亚硝态氮,可将其作为钝顶螺旋藻生长的唯一氮源,但藻生长的延迟期增长。钝顶螺旋藻能够耐受8 mmol/L的亚硫酸氢盐,可将其作为生长的唯一硫源,藻细胞6 d后开始快速增长。     

城镇居民不同收入阶层的基本需求及边际消费倾向研究

扩大城镇居民消费需求是推动我国经济发展方式转变的重要途径。了解城镇居民不同收入阶层的消费特征,有助于制定针对性的激励措施,改善政策的实施效果。本文采用2000-2009年中国城镇居民按收入水平分组的38项消费支出数据,运用改进后的扩展型线性支出模型,对不同收入水平的城镇居民基本需求、边际消费倾向及相关影响因素进行分析。结果显示:中低收入城镇居民的基本需求消费占其可支配收入的较大比重;食品和衣着是其基本需求消费的主要方面;并且在食品、衣着、交通通讯和居住上表现出较大的边际消费倾向。较高收入城镇居民的基本需求支出主要集中于享受型消费;在交通、在外用餐、文化娱乐、文娱用耐用消费品和住房上表现出较大的边际消费倾向。发展和享受型消费品的价格变动对中低收入居民的消费支出影响较大;收入水平的提高有利于城镇居民消费结构的升级。最后,针对不同收入水平的城镇居民,本文提出了刺激消费的差别化政策建议。     

Ice phase as an important factor on the seasonal variation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Tumen River,Northeastern of China

Background, aim and scope  

The climatic characteristic is a major parameter affecting on the distribution variation of organic pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The Tumen River is located in Northeastern of China. The winter era lasts for more than 5 months in a year, and the river water was frozen and covered by ice phase. Coal combustion is an essential heating source in the Tumen River Basin. The objective of this research is to study ice phase effect on the seasonal variation of PAHs in the Tumen River environment.     

河岸芦苇、茭白和香蒲植物带处理受污染河水中试研究

利用中试规模的河岸植物带(芦苇、茭白、香蒲)及无植物空白带对受污染河水进行处理,并对它们处理结果进行比较.结果表明,3种植物均能强化污染物的去除.其中芦苇带效果最好,它在整个运行期间对COD、NH₄⁺-N和TP的去除效果分别为43.7%、79.5%和75.2%.对出水溶解氧与水温进行了考察,结果表明植物带水体的溶解氧变化比无植物带小,水温比无植物带低.其中,芦苇带水的溶解氧最高,香蒲带水温和溶解氧最低.芦苇、茭白、香蒲带对河水中污染物的去除和改善水环境条件等方面表现了不同的特点,在河岸带修复时应尽可能保证水生植物的多样性.