环保型生物破乳剂的研究及应用

原油破乳的研究是当今国内外油田开采和运输的重要环节之一,目前主要应用的破乳剂是化学破乳剂,但它存在技术、经济以及环保方面的不足。文章针对生物破乳剂的性能,简述了生物破乳剂的作用机理、影响因素、发展背景及应用情况,指出该技术高效环保,发展前景良好。     

矿井(煤矿)通风系统安全度

分析了矿井（煤矿）通风系统的安全性,提出了评价矿井通风系统安全性的指标,确定了矿井通风系统安全性等级。     

Performance and microbial response during the fast reactivation of Anammox system by hydrodynamic stress control

Anaerobic ammonium oxidation （Anammox） has become a promising method for biological nitrogen removal. However, this biotechnology application is always limited due to the low growth rate and biomass yield of Anammox bacteria. This study investigated the process of fast reactivation of an Anammox consortium idled for 2 years uia hydrodynamic stress control. The results showed that the Anammox system was efficiently and quickly reactivated by shortening of the hydraulic retention time （I-IRT） of the reactor from 12 to 6 hr within 68 days of operation. Moreover, at a 4-hr HRT with an influent total nitrogen loading rate of 1.2 kg N/（m3.day）, the reactor maintained high biological performance with an ammonium removal loading rate of 0.52 kg N/（m3.day） and a nitrite removal rate of 0.59 kg N/（m3.day）. In the reactivated Anammox reaction, the stoichiometric coefficients of NH4-N to NOE-N and NH4-N to NO4-N were 1：1.04± 0.08 and 1：0.31 ± 0.03, respectively. The specific Anammox activity and hydrazine oxidoreductase activity, both of which represent the degree of Anammox bacteria present, increased as the hydrodynamic stress increased and were maximally （125.38 ± 3.01 mg N/（g VSS.day） and 339.42 ± 6.83 μmol/（min.g VSS）, respectively） at 4-hr HRT. Microbial response analysis showed that the dominant microbial community was obviously shifted and the dominance of Anammox bacteria was enhanced durinR the hydrodynamic selection.     

海菜花种子的萌发实验研究

为探讨通过种子繁殖恢复重建洱海湖滨带海菜花群落的可能性,开展了室外模拟与室内实验,研究了冷藏、双氧水浸泡、自然状态等3种前处理及水深、基质、温度、光照周期的交互作用对海菜花种子萌发的影响.结果表明：不同前处理、基质对海菜花种子萌发不产生影响,水深、温度、光照周期均对海菜花种子萌发有显著影响.海菜花种子萌发最适宜温度为30℃,最适宜光照周期为Light/Dark=24 h/0 h,最适宜水深为30 em～90cm.自然条件下,受风浪、水体透明度及物种竞争等因素的影响,不宜通过直接抛洒种子恢复重建海菜花群落.     

乙醇预发酵对餐厨垃圾甲烷发酵动力学特性及底物的影响

重点考察了乙醇预发酵对餐厨垃圾甲烷发酵动力学的影响,并探讨了预发酵产生的乙醇作为甲烷发酵底物——"缓释乙酸"的可能性。结果表明:与一级动力学模型相比,修正的Gompertz模型更适合描述餐厨垃圾复杂底物的厌氧发酵体系。预发酵组最大产甲烷速率Rm比对照组高2.22倍,且T80(底物降解80%所需时长)和产气停滞期λ比对照组分别减少了1.67 d和0.64 d,表明乙醇预发酵可加快甲烷发酵的启动,显著提高底物降解速率和产甲烷速率。在单一碳源(乙醇、乙酸)的厌氧消化实验中,累积甲烷产率由高到低顺序为乙醇组(372 m L)>乙酸组(155 m L)>对照组(62 m L)。乙醇预发酵不仅可防止酸化,还能使乙醇起到"缓释乙酸"的作用,为甲烷菌提供足够的底物,从而显著提高餐厨垃圾甲烷发酵系统的稳定性。     

An economic assessment of the health effects and crop yield losses caused by air pollution in mainland China

Air pollution is severe in China, and pollutants such as PM_(2.5) and surface O_3 may cause major damage to human health and crops, respectively. Few studies have considered the health effects of PM_(2.5) or the loss of crop yields due to surface O_3 using model-simulated air pollution data in China. We used gridded outputs from the WRF-Chem model, high resolution population data, and crop yield data to evaluate the effects on human health and crop yield in mainland China. Our results showed that outdoor PM_(2.5) pollution was responsible for 1.70–1.99 million cases of all-cause mortality in 2006. The economic costs of these health effects were estimated to be 151.1–176.9 billion USD, of which 90% were attributed to mortality. The estimated crop yield losses for wheat, rice, maize, and soybean were approximately 9, 4.6, 0.44, and 0.34 million tons, respectively, resulting in economic losses of 3.4 billion USD. The total economic losses due to ambient air pollution were estimated to be 154.5–180.3 billion USD, accounting for approximately 5.7%–6.6% of the total GDP of China in 2006. Our results show that both population health and staple crop yields in China have been significantly affected by exposure to air pollution. Measures should be taken to reduce emissions, improve air quality, and mitigate the economic loss.     

火星水手谷滑坡体体积的计算方法研究

火星滑坡研究对地球上高速远程滑坡形成机制具有借鉴意义,其中火星滑坡体体积的计算是调查难点之一。基于NASA火星侦查轨道器背景摄影技术,借助谷歌地球软件,对火星水手谷中的12处典型滑坡进行了识别与分析。运用Alfred S.McEwen公式和方格网两种方法,计算了火星滑坡体的体积V,得出火星水手谷中12处典型滑坡体的体积平均在1 500km3,最高可达5 452.4km3。采用数理统计理论,发现滑坡体体积V与堆积区域面积D满足V=103.046 D1.036,滑坡体高度H与滑移距离L之比(等效摩擦系数)与滑坡体体积V满足H/L=-0.029lgV+0.459的关系。分析滑坡体滑移距离L的影响因素,得出滑坡体滑移距离L与滑坡体体积V和滑坡体高度H基本呈正相关。将火星滑坡体体积计算结果与地球上217处滑坡统计数据进行对比,发现火星滑坡具有体积大、滑移距离远、低等效摩擦系数等特点。     

尼洋河流域水化学特征及其控制因素

为研究尼洋河流域水化学特征及其控制因素,2014年先后采集河水7组,井水13组,泉水10组,共计30组水样.综合运用数理统计、Piper三线图、Gibbs模型和离子比等方法,分析了尼洋河流域河水、泉水和井水的水文地球化学特征,并探讨了尼洋河流域的水化学演化规律.结果表明,河水、井水及泉水中阳离子均以Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)为主,占阳离子总量的84%以上;阴离子以HCO_3~-和SO_4~(2-)为主,占阴离子总量的97%以上;TDS介于79.11~290.48 mg·L~(-1)之间,平均值为165.21 mg·L~(-1),矿化度较低;水化学类型以HCO_3·SO_4(SO_4·HCO_3)-Ca·Mg(Mg·Ca)型水为主;水化学样品均分布在Gibbs模型左中部,说明该流域水化学离子组成受岩石风化作用控制;主成分分析及相关分析表明,尼洋河流域水化学组分受硅酸盐岩的溶解控制,碳酸盐岩的溶解也起到非常重要的作用.     

沸石床多级生物膜焦化废水处理系统的NH+4-N去除稳定性研究

焦化废水处理中预处理蒸氨工艺不稳定容易引起生物处理出水NH⁺₄-N的波动,为了在有机物去除的同时提高生物系统对NH⁺₄-N的去除效果和稳定性,采用对NH⁺₄-N有良好吸附性能的天然斜发沸石为生物填料构建沸石床多级生物膜系统,考察了进水负荷对系统运行稳定性的影响、抗冲击负荷能力以及系统的功能分区和污染物迁移转化规律.结果表明,当系统进水NH⁺₄-N负荷≤0.21 kg/(m³·d)、COD负荷≤1.35　kg/(m³·d)时,出水NH⁺₄-N和COD的平均浓度分别为(2.2±1.2)mg/L和(228±60)mg/L,平均去除率分别达(99.1±0.5)%和(86.0±2.6)%.在低、高两次NH⁺₄-N冲击负荷［0.03　kg/(m³·d)和0.06　kg/(m³·d)］条件下,系统对NH⁺₄-N的平均去除率仍然分别高达99.0%和92.9%,高于对比系统的96.8%和89.3%,表现出良好的抗NH⁺₄-N冲击负荷性能与处理稳定性.系统好氧单元反应器沿程出现脱碳/硝化功能区(C/N区)和硝化功能区(N区),其中N区的NH⁺₄-N 降解速率为C/N区的2～8倍.系统进水中相对分子质量＜1×10³、 1×10³～1×10⁴、 ＞1×10⁴的TOC浓度分别为227.6、104.8和35.0 mg/L,处理出水中的TOC浓度分别为31.2、 22.9和31.5 mg/L,其中相对分子质量＜1×10³和1×10³～1×10⁴这2个范围的有机物降解良好,出水残余物质主要为相对分子质量＞1×10³的有机物.     

遥感在防震减灾中的应用

本文阐述了遥感技术在地震监测,震害防御、地震应急,救灾与重建中的应用。随着遥感技术的进步和研究工作的深入,遥感、地理信息系统与全球定位系统的一体化进展,遥感技术将在防震减灾中发挥极其重要的作用。