Ti02光催化剂的掺杂改性和固定化研究

纳米TiO2作为光催化剂,由于其化学性质稳定、无毒、价廉等优点,使得纳米TiO2光催化氧化技术在环境领域具有广阔的应用前景,而针对其对可见光利用率低,光生电子一空穴对易复合,在使用过程中回收难,光催化效率不高等问题,近年来科研人员致力于Ti02光催化剂的改性和固定化研究。本文介绍了掺杂改性的不同方法及负载技术的研究进展,其中包括贵金属沉积、金属离子掺杂、非金属掺杂、共掺杂、表面光敏化、复合半导体等,并提出了TiO2光催化剂今后的研究方向及存在的问题。     

基于改进DRASTIC模型评价拉林河流域地下水脆弱性研究

以拉林河流域作为研究区,结合研究区实际条件对传统DRASTIC模型进行改进,利用层次分析法获得各指标的权重值,并应用ARCGIS的空间分析技术获取研究区地下水脆弱性分区,同时根据单参数敏感性分析方法对评价结果进行验证.结果表明,流域地下水以中等脆弱性和较高脆弱性为主,约占流域面积的85%.在选取的六个评价指标中,土地利用类型、地下水位埋深以及地形坡度这三个指标对流域地下水脆弱性影响最大.研究结果为拉林河流域地下水资源管理和污染防治提供理论依据.     

采用神经网络半主动模糊控制系统提高桥梁结构的安全性

研究了桥梁结构的半主动控制对提高桥梁结构安全性的作用 ,在算法上采用基于神经网络的模糊控制 ,不需要建立精确的分析模型 ,计算较为简便 ,避免了多参量建立的模糊关系方程的求解困难。数值结果表明 ,笔者提出的半主动控制系统对减小结构的地震响应是有效的     

Impacts of climate change on water resources in the Yellow River basin and identification of global adaptation strategies

Climate change is a global environmental issue, which is challenging water resources management and practices. This study investigates the impact of climate change on water resources of the Yellow River basin, a major grain-producing area in China, and provides recommendations on strategies to increase adaptive capacity and resilience in the basin region. Results show that the recorded stream flows of the Yellow River declined from 1951 to 2010 and have decreased significantly in the middle and lower reaches. The variable infiltration capacity (VIC) model performs well as a tool to simulate monthly discharge of both the tributary catchments and the whole Yellow River basin. Temperature across the Yellow River basin over 2021–2050 is expected to continue to rise with an average rates of approximately 0.039–0.056 °C/annum. The average annual precipitation in the basin is projected to increase by 1.28–3.29 % compared with the 1991–2010 baseline. Runoff during 2021–2050 is projected to decrease by 0.53–9.67 % relative to 1991–2010 with high decadal and spatial variability. This is likely due to the model’s projections of a significant rise in temperature and changes in precipitation patterns. Climate change will likely aggravate the severity and frequency of both water shortages and flooding in the basin region. It is therefore essential to devote sufficient attention on structural and non-structural measures for the Yellow River basin to cope with climate change. At the global level, strategies to increase adaptive capacity and build resilience to climate change focus on public education to improve awareness of climate risks, implementing the integrated water resources management and planning based on impact assessments.     

Preparation and Characterization of PVC Matrix Composites with Biochemical Sludge

Biochemical sludge (BS), generated in the waste water treatment of paper mills, was pretreated by enzyme hydrolysis. The effect and action mechanism of the enzymatic treatment on the properties of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) matrix composites with BS were discussed. Results showed that when the filler content was 30 wt%, the tensile strength of the PVC composites filled with BS and its modified products which were pretreated by laccase, cellulase and hemicellulase can be increased by 38.64, 67.4, 63.5 and 66.3% than the PVC composite filled with calcium carbonate. When the dosage of filler was 40 wt%, the elastic modulus of PVC composites filled with BS and its above three modified products decreased by 53.3, 52.3, 50.0 and 46.3%, respectively. Meanwhile, the thermal stability of PVC composites can also be improved at the temperature of over 340 °C. It can be concluded that the enzyme pretreatment can improve the application performance of BS usage in PVC matrix composites.     

水解酸化-UBF-接触氧化组合工艺处理聚醚生产污水工程实践

介绍了水解酸化-UBF-接触氧化组合工艺处理聚醚多元醇生产污水的工艺设计和运行效果。经一段时间的调试及运行表明:该工艺处理聚醚多元醇生产综合污水是切实可行的。在进水ρ(COD)为8000～12000mg/L,ρ(BOD5)为1200～1500mg/L的条件下,经过该工艺处理,出水ρ(COD)为250～300mg/L,ρ(BOD5)在50～80mg/L以下,出水水质达GB8978-1996《污水综合排放标准》Ⅲ级。     

油田采出液乳化程度的影响因素试验研究

通过模拟油田采出液,考察了油水比、聚合物、表面活性剂及天然固体颗粒物对油田采出液乳化程度的影响。试验表明:随着油水比下降,模拟水样含油量降低,油珠Zeta电位升高,平均粒径变大,水样乳化稳定性减弱;HPAM会吸附于油珠表面从而增强其负电性,降低油珠间的有效碰撞,使油珠的平均粒径较小,导致油水分离较困难;表面活性剂会直接降低水样的表面张力,增强油水亲和性,导致水样含油量增大,同时增强了油珠的负电性,不利于油珠的集结聚并;天然固体颗粒物本身有一定的电负性,降低了油珠的Zeta电位,增加油珠的静电排斥,妨碍油珠的聚并,同时使水样的含油量升高,最终导致乳状液稳定。     

中国自然保护区立法

<正>人类最早的自然保护区是美国于1872年建立的世界上第一个国家公园——黄石公园。从那时起,世界各地的人们开始意识到对自然环境和自然资源给予特殊保护的重要性,纷纷建立各种各样的保护区或者保护地。因此,自然保护区在世界各地开始迅速发展起来。     

华北高产粮区夏玉米生命周期环境影响评价

以山东省桓台县夏玉米生产体系为例,应用生命周期评价方法,以单位产量为评价功能单元,把夏玉米生命周期分为原料开采与运输、农资生产与运输、作物种植3个生产阶段,对不同施氮水平下夏玉米生命周期的资源消耗与污染物排放进行了清单分析和影响评价.结果表明,随着施氮量的增加,夏玉米生命周期环境影响呈指数上升趋势,其中,主要影响类型为水资源耗竭,这与农作物需水量较大、水分生产率较低有关.在低氮量条件下,主要污染影响类型是全球变暖,随着施氮量的增加,富营养化上升为主要污染影响类型.提高作物种植阶段水肥利用效率是控制夏玉米生命周期环境影响的关键,它可减少夏玉米对水资源和氮肥的需求,从而直接减少农田氮素损失污染影响,也间接降低了上游生产环节的资源消耗与污染物排放影响,进而有助于降低夏玉米生命周期环境影响总潜力.     

Polychlorinated biphenyls in the atmosphere of Taizhou, a major e-waste dismantling area in China

PM2.5,total suspended particles(TSP) and gas phase samples were collected at two sites of Taizhou,a major e-waste dismantling area in China.Concentrations,seasonal variations,congener profiles,gas-particle partitioning and size distribution of the atmospheric polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs) were studied to assess the current state of atmospheric PCBs after the phase out of massive historical dismantling of PCBs containing e-wastes.The average 38PCBs concentration in the ambient air(TSP plus gas phase) near the e-waste dismantling area was(12,407 ± 9592) pg/m3 in winter,which was substantially lower than that found one decade ago.However,the atmospheric PCBs level near the e-waste dismantling area was 54 times of the reference urban site,indicating that the impact of the historical dismantling of PCBs containing e-wastes was still significant.Tri-Penta-CBs were dominant homologues,consisting with their dominant global production.Size distribution of particle-bound PCBs showed that higher chlorinated CBs tended to partition more to the fine particles,facilitating its long range air transportation.