宁夏贺兰山三种植被下土壤有机碳密度的比较

干旱、半干旱地区的土壤有机碳库是全球土壤碳库的重要组成部分,在全球碳循环的研究中有着重要作用.本文以宁夏贺兰山国家级自然保护区的油松(Pinus tnbulaeformis Carr.)、灰榆(Ulmus glaucescens Franch.)和灌丛三种植被下的土壤为研究对象,比较分析了这三种土壤不同层次有机碳含量和有机碳密度的变化情况.结果表明:三种土壤的有机碳含量均随着深度的增加而减少;油松植被下土壤的有机碳密度最高(11.30±0.36 kg·m-2),灰榆植被下土壤的有机碳密度次之(4.34±0.13kg·m-2),灌丛植被下土壤的有机碳密度最低(2.50±0.07 kg·m-2);油松、灰榆和灌丛三种植被下的土壤表层(0-5 cm)有机碳储量分别占其土壤有机碳总储量的10.32%±0.07%、23.43%±0.69%和26.80%±0.20%,灰榆和灌丛植被下的土壤发育情况较差,其有机碳相对较多地储存在表层土壤中;发育较好的土壤,其有机碳总储量也较高.为减少土壤表层CO2的排放,我们应加强对地表植被的保护,这对减缓全球变暖趋势具有重要意义.     

碳化硅陶瓷膜管对PM_(2.5)捕集性能的实验研究

PM2.5因其粒径小、吸附能力强、输送距离远、环境危害大,同时捕集困难而成为世界各国共同关注的大气环境问题。以涂氧化铝膜的碳化硅陶瓷膜管(孔隙率28.16%,平均孔径20μm,过滤面积0.28 m2)为过滤元件,搭建了PM2.5捕集的实验装置,对膜管的过滤时间、通量与阻力降的关系以及捕集效率与时间的关系和膜污染控制方面进行了研究。结果表明:随过滤时间增加,通量逐渐减小,阻力降逐渐增大,捕集效率逐渐增大,对PM2.5捕集效率高达99.9%;对膜污染控制参数优化后反吹压强选定为0.8 MPa,反吹间隔时间为10 min,反吹时间为14 s。     

海藻酸钠固定化包埋微生物处理有机微污染源水

以黄浦江水为处理源水 ,将筛选出的菌种用海藻酸钠为载体进行固定化包埋 ;对间歇式处理体系中菌体浓度 ,处理温度以及起始 TOC浓度对有机物降解效果的影响进行实验 .结果表明 ,菌体浓度为 1g/L～2g/L,处理温度为 20℃时 ,包埋颗粒性状保持较好 ,对源水中起始浓度在 10mg/L～15mg/L之间的 TOC具有20%～30%的降解率 ;温度升高 ,明显缩短颗粒使用寿命 ;而菌体浓度增加对处理效果没有增强作用 .另外 ,以菌 TD2和 TD4包埋颗粒为例 ,测试发现经 48h处理 ,其对源水中浓度为53.4μg/L酚具有 90%左右的降解率 .     

Studies of Thermal Transformations of Humic and Fulvic Acids in Soils I. Infrared Spectroscopy and Temperature-Programmed Pyrolysis Mass Spectrometry

Temperature-programmed pyrolysis mass spectrometry and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy have been used to monitor structural changes of humic and fulvic acids isolated from soils in China, in the temperature range of 25-550°C. in this work, we found that decarboxylation is obvious as the main reaction with dehydration reaction from 150°C to 400°C, the anhydride can be identified from FT-IR spectra at temperature range from 200°C to 400°C; there are evident changes of the aromatic nucleus of humic and fulvic acids above 400°C, even remaining up to 550°C. Besides, some changes of adsorption water can be distinguished before 200°C, and the mass signal of sulphur dioxide was detected.     

ISO14000与可持续发展的关系

ISO14000是国际标准化组织制定的环境管理系列标准，已成为环境管理的热点，本文分析了ISO14000的基本要求，通过分析ISO14000与可持续发展的关系，指出如何通过ISO14000的推广，有效促进可持续发展进程。     

Relationship between fluorine in drinking water and dental health of residents in some large cities in China

In this project, the relationship between fluorine content in drinking water and dental health of residents in some large cities in China was evaluated. The concentration of fluorine in tap water and in urine of local subjects of 28 cities and 4 high fluorine villages in China shows a strong positive correlation (r(2)=0.96, S.E.=0.9881). Our studies indicate that drinking water is the most important source of fluorine intake for Chinese people, and in more than 90% of urban cities, fluorine concentrations in drinking water are below levels recommended by the WHO (approximately 0.5-1.0 mg/l). A 1995 investigation by The National Committee on Oral Health of China (NCOH) shows the relationship between average number of decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT) of urban residents and fluorine concentration in drinking water to be negatively correlated but not forming a good linear relationship. Our results, together with the previous study, suggest that: (1) dental caries of the study population can be reduced by drinking water fluoridation and that (2) other factors such as economic level, weather, lifestyle, food habits, living condition, etc., of a city can also affect the incidence of dental caries that cannot be predicted by fluoridation alone. Research on the relation between index of fluorosis (IF) and the fluorine concentration in drinking water for the four high fluorine villages showed that the recommended concentration of fluorine in drinking water can protect from dental fluorosis.     

Phosalone applied to cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.): its deposition and persistence on foliages, soils and final residues in seeds

Phosalone, O,O-diethyl-S-(6-chloro-1,3-benzoxazol-2(3H)-onyl)methyl phosphorodithioate, was field-applied by ground equipment to cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) at the rates of 1050 and 2100 g a.i./ha, respectively, to determine its dissipation on leaves and soils and the residues in seeds at harvest. The insecticide concentrations on cotton leaves and soils were measured periodically for 14 days following its application. It was found that the half lives of the insecticide on cotton leaves at the dosages of 1050 and 2100 g a.i./ha were 6.8 and 6.3 days, respectively. And the half lives on soils for the 2 dosages were 7 and 5.8 days, respectively. The residues remaining in soils at harvest time were 0.072 and 0.121 mg/kg 14 days post-application and the residues in cotton seeds were relatively low (less than 0.02-0.12 mg/kg).     

薄隔水层井筒底板突水的突变模型

在薄板理论的基础上,建立了立井井筒底板突水的突变模型。运用突变理论的分析方法,求得了井筒底板隔水层的最小理论安全厚度,这与典型案例实际情况基本相符。论文根据在大涨落存在的前提下突变发生所遵循的Ｍａｘｗ ｅｌｌ规则,对理论值和实际值的偏差作了合理的解释,还提出了解决该偏差的一种近似计算方法。所进行的研究工作,为井筒突水的预测及确定隔水层的安全厚度,提供一种新的理论方法和途径。     

AUSTAL2000在恶臭污染环境影响评估中的应用研究

运用德国AUSTAL2000模型对某化工项目周边400 km2的矩形区域和36个环境敏感点NH3、H2 S浓度和恶臭发生频率进行了模拟计算,分析了该项目恶臭污染的影响程度和范围,并对各排放源的计算结果进行了对比分析.结果表明,预测范围内NH3、H2 S只有小时浓度最大值超标,占标率分别为139%和120%,超标面积分别为0.16 km2和0.13 km2,但恶臭发生频率超标较严重,最大值达到了86.7%,超标面积达40.8 km2;环境敏感点NH3、H2 S浓度均未超标,恶臭发生频率也仅有两个点位的最大值略高于标准限值;与面源的无组织排放相比,采取排气筒的排放方式可以明显降低周边区域污染物浓度和恶臭发生频率,减少恶臭污染面积.     

规模化养猪废水处理工程设计与运行研究

针对养猪废水有机物、氨氮浓度高,水质波动范围大,水力冲击负荷强,常规工艺难以处理达标等水质特点,设计固液分离-气浮-厌氧-SBR-气浮组合工艺处理规模化养猪废水.经调试后运行结果表明:工艺运行稳定,且经过该工艺处理后,原水COD由6 000 mg/L下降至60.4 mg/L,BOD5由3 500 mg/L下降至11.5 mg/L, SS浓度由4 200 mg/L下降至21 mg/L,NH3-N由700 mg/L下降至14.8 mg/L,TP由180 mg/L下降至0.298 mg/L,去除率分别达到99%,99.7%,99.5%,97.9%和99.8%,达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8987-1996)的一级排放标准,优于《畜禽养殖业污染物排放标准》(GB 18596-2001).