兽药类环境内分泌干扰效应及评价研究进展

兽药在保障动物健康、提高畜禽产品质量尤其在畜牧业集约化发展等方面起着至关重要的作用,然而兽药和饲料添加剂的大量使用成为生态环境污染和人体健康损害的一个重要因素。研究表明许多抗生素类和激素类兽药是典型的环境内分泌干扰物,通过多种方式干扰生物体雄激素、雌激素、甲状腺激素等内分泌过程,产生内分泌干扰效应。本文介绍了典型兽药的污染现状及其内分泌干扰效应研究最新进展;以环境内分泌干扰物的最新研究方法为基础,较全面地评述了可用于兽药类内分泌干扰物的快速筛选、检测及评价方法,并对该领域未来研究提出了展望和建议,以期为环境和农业等管理部门制定兽药的使用、排放、管理政策提供科学依据。     

戊唑醇在环境中的降解迁移和生物富集性研究

戊唑醇属于内吸性三唑类杀菌农药,在国内广泛用于田间病虫防治,故其在环境中的归趋备受关注。采用室内模拟试验方法,研究了戊唑醇在水-沉积物中的降解特性、土壤中的吸附性和在斑马鱼中的生物富集性。结果表明:好氧条件下,戊唑醇在河流与湖泊水-沉积物系统中农药总量的降解半衰期分别为533.2、433.2 d;厌氧条件下,河流与湖泊水-沉积物系统中降解半衰期分别为364.8、1 732.9 d;沉积物系统降解半衰期较长,降解速率主要受水中戊唑醇的降解速率影响。戊唑醇在江西红壤、太湖水稻土、常熟乌杉土、东北黑土中的吸附性符合Freundlich方程,Kd值分别为7.4、11.8、11.2和15;吸附性大小次序为东北黑土太湖水稻土常熟乌杉土江西红壤;以有机碳含量表示的土壤吸附常数KOC在698.9~1 635.5之间;影响戊唑醇土壤吸附性的主要因素为土壤有机质含量和p H。戊唑醇在斑马鱼中的生物富集系数BCF8 d为21.52~25.30,具有中等富集性。戊唑醇在水体环境中具有较强稳定性,不易被土壤吸附,且具有一定的生物富集性,可能会对水体和水体生物造成一定的污染。     

新烟碱类杀虫剂呋虫胺对意大利蜜蜂的安全性评价

呋虫胺作为新一代烟碱类农药,究竟会给蜜蜂造成何种影响尚不清楚。本研究选取意大利蜜蜂为研究对象,分别测定呋虫胺对蜜蜂的急性毒性、慢性毒性以及幼虫发育毒性,并通过其危害商值(hazard quotient,HQ)初步评价呋虫胺对蜜蜂的生态风险,综合评价呋虫胺对蜜蜂的安全性。结果表明,急性经口毒性48 h半数致死剂量(48 h-LD50)为0.033μg·蜂-1,对蜜蜂高毒;慢性毒性10 d半数致死剂量(10 d-LDD50)为0.010μg·蜂-1,慢性毒作用带比值为3.5,存在慢性中毒的风险;幼虫7 d半数致死剂量为577 ng·幼虫-1,高剂量呋虫胺对蜜蜂幼虫存活率、化蛹率和羽化率均存在影响,处理剂量越高,存活率、化蛹率和羽化率越低,呈高度负相关(r=-0.98,-0.89,-0.80)。风险评价结果表明,呋虫胺对蜜蜂为中等风险到高风险。研究可为呋虫胺的合理使用提供科学参考。     

Forecast of the demand and supply plan of China’s uranium resources till 2030

This paper’s purpose is to predict China’s uranium resources demand from 2016 to 2030 based on experimental modeling. In addition, we discuss the future supply structure of China’s uranium resources by analyzing the domestic and foreign supply capacity of China’s uranium resources. According the forecast results, Chinese uranium resource demand will reach 21385 tU in 2030 under a medium scenario. Due to the poor endowment of uranium resources, China’s domestic uranium production will increase slowly. It can be calculated that the total demand of uranium resources in China during 2016–2030 will be 216581 tU, the cumulative production of domestic production will be 37900 tU, the overseas production will be 41950 tU, and the international market purchases will be 130574 tU. Hence, the cumulative degree of dependence on foreign resources is approximately 80%. China’s foreign dependence on uranium will be greater than for oil, and the situation will become extremely serious. Therefore, we put forward several suggestions to ensure the supply of China’s uranium resources: (1) strengthening mineral exploration and increasing domestic production, (2) actively operating the “going out” strategy, (3) enhancing the enterprise competition ability, and (4) establishing uranium resource reserves. By these means, China could efficiently guarantee the domestic uranium resource security and respond to the competition of India’s uranium resources demand increased.     

紫外光协同CuO-TiO_2/Al_2O_3三维粒子电极电催化降解罗丹明B

自制了CuO-TiO_2/Al_2O_3粒子电极,对其进行了表征。在此基础上构建了紫外光协同三维粒子电极电催化体系降解水中的罗丹明B,考察了降解过程的影响因素、动力学及机理。表征结果显示,粒子电极具有良好的表面结构及有效催化成分。实验结果表明:在罗丹明B质量浓度20 mg/L、槽电压15 V、电流0.3 A、溶液pH 3.0、曝气量1.5 L/min、Fe~(2+)投加量0.5 mmol/L的条件下反应60 min,脱色率达96.29%;反应过程符合一级动力学方程,反应速率常数为0.060 mg/(L·min);紫外光的加入使溶液中H_2O_2的浓度降低约30%,促进了H_2O_2的分解。     

The effects of pH, bromide and nitrite on halonitromethane and trihalomethane formation from amino acids and amino sugars

In this study, the effects of pH, bromide and nitrite on the formation of halonitromethanes (HNMs) and trihalomethanes (THMs) from eight amino acids (glycine, alanine, serine, cysteine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, lysine and histidine) and four amino sugars (glucosamine, galactosamine, N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylneuraminic acid) were examined for chlorination and ozonation followed by chlorination. During ozonation-chlorination, two amino acids, glycine and lysine, exhibited distinctly higher HNM formation than the other compounds. The formation of HNMs was higher at pH 8 than 6. Glycine and lysine also produced higher levels of THMs than the other compounds at pH 8. The presence of nitrite resulted in an increase in HNM formation. The presence of bromide increased the HNM formation, especially brominated HNM species. Bromine incorporation factors of trihalogenated HNMs were higher than those of THMs. For chlorination alone, HNM levels were about the detection limit (4 nM or 0.7 μg L⁻¹) at pH 6 and 8, and in the presence of bromide or nitrite. Amino acids and amino sugars tested, except glycine and lysine, showed relatively low levels of THM (∼15 μg L⁻¹) formation.     

Biotic and abiotic degradation of pesticide Dufulin in soils

Dufulin is a newly developed antiviral agent (or pesticide) that activates systemic acquired resistance of plants. This pesticide is widely used in China to prevent abroad viral diseases in rice, tobacco and vegetables. In this study, the potential impacts such as soil type, moisture, temperature, and other factors on Dufulin degradation in soil were investigated. Degradation of Dufulin followed the first-order kinetics. The half-life values varied from 2.27 to 150.68 days. The dissipation of Dufulin was greatly affected by soil types, with DT₅₀ (Degradation half time) varying between 17.59, 31.36, and 43.32 days for Eutric Gleysols, Cumulic Anthrosols, and Dystric Regosols, respectively. The elevated moisture accelerated the decay of Dufulin in soil. Degradation of Dufulin increased with temperature and its half-life values ranged from 16.66 to 42.79 days. Sterilization of soils and treatment with H₂O₂ resulted in a 6- and 8-fold decrease in degradation rates compared to the control, suggesting that Dufulin degradation was largely governed by microbial processes. Under different light spectra, the most effective degradation occurred with 100-W UV light (DT₅₀?=?2.27 days), followed by 15-W UV light (DT₅₀?=?8.32 days) and xenon light (DT₅₀?=?14.26 days). Analysis by liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (LC-MS) revealed that 2-amino-4-methylbenzothiazole was one of the major decayed products of Dufulin in soils, suggesting that elimination of diethyl phosphate and 2-fluorobenzaldehyde was most like the degradation pathway of Dufulin in Eutric Gleysols.     

高氨氮废水的半硝化工艺影响因素

采用泳动床反应器对含高浓度氨氮的污泥脱滤液进行了半硝化反应影响因素研究。实验结果表明,半硝化工艺可以在较高负荷条件下运行,其出水NO2--N/NH4+-N比例稳定在1.1±0.05∶1,基本满足了厌氧氨氧化工艺的进水要求。此外,温度和溶解氧对工艺运行具有重要影响,控制适宜无机碳含量与NH4+-N比值、碱度与氨氮比值有利于半硝化工艺的进行。     

土地处理系统表层土壤中磷赋存形态及其转化过程

以在江淮地区典型经济欠发达村镇(忠庙)构建的化粪池-土地处理系统为对象,研究了土地处理系统表层土壤中磷赋存形态及其转化过程。结果表明,土地处理系统表层土壤中TP含量在149.2～159.4 mg/kg之间,且在运行实验后其含量有所增加。在磷赋存形态方面,Ca-P占TP含量的百分比最高,达到33.1%,随后依次为Ex-P、Org-P、Fe-P和Oc-P,分别为26.1%、19.6%、14.2%和7.0%;在磷活性方面,活性磷(Ex-P和Fe-P)占TP含量的百分比较大,在运行实验后由38.0%增至40.3%,可能是由于惰性磷(Oc-P、Ca-P和Org-P)转化所致,而Org-P矿化速率大于其累积速率。相关性分析表明,除Ca-P外,其他各形态磷均与土壤pH不相关,而Org-P与OM、TP、Ex-P和Ca-P均呈正相关。     

规模经营主体综合技术效率差异及影响因素——以江苏省水稻生产为例

推动以新型经营主体为依托的粮食规模经营是实现中国乡村振兴的重要路径。基于江苏省水稻规模经营主体调查数据,运用计量分析及DEA-Tobit模型,从主体差异、要素配置、管理营销等方面,实证检验规模经营综合技术效率的差异特征及影响因素。研究表明:现阶段水稻规模经营的综合技术效率处于中等水平,分解后的纯技术效率及规模效率有待提升。规模经营带来了水稻投入成本、总收益及劳动生产率的同步上升,区域差异明显。规模差异比属性差异对综合技术效率及其分解效率的影响更为显著。家庭农场、合作社与企业对综合生产效率的影响依次上升。开展与自身能力相匹配的适度规模经营较为适宜。提高产品价格更能促进各类主体综合技术效率的提升。要素配置及管理经营能力对综合技术效率及其分解效率产生了较为显著的正效应。提高劳动力生产经验及稳定土地流转更有利于综合技术效率的改善。完善价格市场、政府引导技术推广和加大土地连片整治对各种效率的提高也起到积极作用。大力培育各类规模经营主体有助于现代农业经营体系的建立。