Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and organochlorine pesticides in surface soils from the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau

Eighty eight surface soil samples were collected from the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) for determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), including dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and metabolites (DDXs) and hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (HCHs). The measured concentrations were 51.8 ± 38.5 ng g(-1), 0.329 ± 0.818 ng g(-1), and 0.467 ± 0.741 ng g(-1) as means and standard deviations of PAHs, DDXs, and HCHs, respectively, which were 1-2 orders of magnitude lower than those reported for eastern China. Significant differences were also revealed among four sub-areas within QTP. PAHs detected in the samples from the remote sub-areas of T'ang-ku-la/Hoh Xil Mountains and along the Qinghai-Tibet highway in the west and northwest of QTP were 1 order of magnitude lower than those from Lhasa and east Qinghai. The differences in soil OCPs among the sub-areas were 2-7 times. Soil PAHs were significantly correlated with emission density and soil organic carbon content (SOC), while OCPs were correlated significantly with the population density and SOC. Based on the calculated backward air mass trajectories and geographical distributions of emission and population, it was revealed that PAHs and OCPs accumulated in the soils in the west and northwest QTP were primarily from long-range transport and may represent the background levels of East Asia. This part of QTP can also serve as an important receptor area for regional or even global long-range transport study. The elevated concentrations of PAHs and OCPs in Lhasa and east Qinghai were mainly from local sources, while PAHs from adjacent Lanzhou area also contributed considerably to the accumulation of PAHs in east Qinghai.     

新疆公路建设对自然保护区的影响及协调发展对策

公路运输在国民经济发展和提高人民生活水平中发挥着重要的作用,在今后相当长的一段时期内,新疆交通基础设施建设将会呈现快速发展的趋势。新疆地域辽阔,资源丰富,也是大量野生动植物资源的主要栖息地,加快自然保护区的建设已成为生态建设的当务之急。本文分别介绍了新疆公路和自然保护的发展,分析了公路建设对自然保护区的影响,提出了公路建设和自然保护区协调发展的对策。     

游憩践踏对芜湖赭山城市公园影响研究

城市生态型公园是户外游憩活动影响最集中的一个区域,特别是践踏的影响表现最为明显。对芜湖市赭山生态型城市公园的19条游憩路径进行了调查,路径总长度达3123m。分析了户外游憩活动践踏造成的影响,得出了不同的旅游路径对践踏所引起的路面变宽、植物根系暴露、多路径和路面损伤是不同的,土质路面游道受到践踏影响的程度最大,石板路面游道次之,水泥路面相对最小。城市生态型公园的道路系统建设应该适应游客的游憩需求,减少践踏对公园生态环境的影响,最大化地满足城市居民的需要。     

电源变压器温升试验中（绕组法）的影响因素及不确定度的评估

本文中探讨的是根据绕组法计算电源变压器绕组温升的试验方法,以及对整个试验过程中环境、仪器设备、仪表、人为因素所引起的误差等对最终试验结果的影响,并对其测量不确定度进行评估。     

航空维修差错模式及差错成因的灰色关联分析

提出一种基于HFACS-ME框架和灰色关联分析法的航空维修差错模式和差错成因之间关系的分析方法。利用该方法分别从"模式—成因"和"成因—模式"2个方向,以"技能差错"和"身体状态差"为例,对差错模式和差错成因之间的关系进行分析,得到影响"技能差错"的主要差错成因依次为空间狭窄、培训不足、工具损坏、身体状态差、精神状态差、空间阻碍,以及"身体状态差"主要影响的差错模式为记忆差错、决策差错、技能差错。结果表明,灰色关联分析法对航空维修差错模式和差错成因之间关系的分析是有效的、可行的。     

典型绿洲不同土壤类型有机碳含量及其稳定碳同位素分布特征

土壤有机碳及其稳定同位素组成反映了生态系统碳循环的关键信息,对研究全球变化下陆地生态系统碳动态及碳资源的可持续发展具有重要意义.本研究以阿拉尔绿洲4种土壤类型为研究对象,测定不同深度土壤有机碳(SOC)含量和δ~(13)C值,探讨不同土壤类型有机碳分布、δ~(13)C_(SOC)丰度差异及其与土壤环境因子的关系.结果表明:(1)土壤整体有机碳含量由高到低依次为灌漠土、棕漠土、盐土、风沙土,且在表层(0~20 cm层)具有较大值;δ~(13)C_(SOC)变化范围在-26‰~-23‰,表层(0~20 cm)由正趋负为盐土风沙土灌漠土棕漠土.(2)土壤有机碳含量受土壤类型、深度及其交互作用极显著影响,δ~(13)C_(SOC)受土壤类型、交互作用显著影响;进一步交互效应检验中土壤有机碳受因素水平影响极强,同位素相对较弱.(3)冗余分析发现土壤有机碳与土壤无机碳、全氮、土壤含水量、容重均存在显著或极显著正相关关系,与C/N具有显著负相关关系;δ13CSOC与电导率存在显著正相关关系,与土壤无机碳、土壤含水量均存在极显著负相关关系.土壤环境因子的重要性排序为土壤含水量土壤无机碳容重全氮C/N电导率pH.分析得出土壤有机碳及其同位素在不同土壤类型中呈现出不同变化规律,其土壤类型的效应强于土壤深度,受土壤含水量影响最甚.     

Al3+离子掺杂对负载TiO2薄膜光催化活性的影响

以钛酸丁酯和Al2(SO4)3·18H2O为原料,采用溶胶凝胶法在钛片、玻璃、釉面瓷砖、陶瓷、不锈钢和铝片六种载体上制备了Al3+掺杂TiO2薄膜,讨论了不同Al3+掺杂浓度下,不同载体表面上制备的TiO2薄膜对甲基橙脱色率的影响。试验结果表明Al3+对TiO2薄膜的掺杂效果与载体的类型密切相关,并且不同载体其Al3+掺杂的最佳浓度也不同。Al3+掺杂后,TiO2薄膜光催化活性提高最大的是玻璃,其次是釉面瓷砖、铝片、钛片、陶瓷,最差的是负载不锈钢。     

Sorption kinetic characteristics of polybrominated diphenyl ethers on natural soils

Sorption kinetic characteristics of BDE-28 and BDE-47 on five natural soils with different organic carbon fractions were investigated, and could be satisfactorily described by a two (fast and slow)-compartment first-order model with the ratio of rate constants ranged from 9 to 94 times. The fast compartment made a dominant contribution (71% ∼ 94%) to the total sorption amount in the whole process, and accounted for over 90% of the increase in the total sorption amount at initial 5 h. The influence of the slow compartment on the increase in the total sorption amount became principal (above 90%) in the subsequent stage approximately from 9 h or 25 h to the apparent equilibrium at 265 h. The results proposed the different sorption behaviors of the mathematically classified compartments for BDE-28 and BDE-47, which may correspond to the different soil components, such as soil organic fractions with amorphous and condensed structures, respectively.     

关于"生态监测"之思考

对生态监测的目的、含义、监测内容及与环境监测的关系进行了探讨。     

文本聚类算法的分析与比较

聚类是一种重要的文本信息处理方法,文章介绍了常用的文本聚类算法,从这些算法的适用范围、初始参数的影响、终止条件以及对噪声的敏感性等方面对它们进行了分析与比较.对文本聚类算法的应用有一定的指导意义.