g-C3N4在可见光下协同PDS降解磺胺二甲嘧啶的机制研究

以二聚氰胺为前驱体合成光催化剂石墨相碳化氮(g-C_3N_4),通过透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)和紫外可见漫反射光谱(UV-vis DRS)等技术对g-C_3N_4材料进行形貌结构和光学性能的表征.实验过程中,以g-C_3N_4光催化降解磺胺二甲嘧啶(SMZ)中,加入过硫酸盐(PDS)联合效果的研究结果表明,PDS加快了g-C_3N_4对SMZ的光催化降解;通过荧光测试,表明了PDS使g-C_3N_4的光生空穴(h~+)与光生电子(e-)能够进行有效地分离,从而加强其光催化性能;实验同时研究了PDS/g-C_3N_4体系对磺胺二甲嘧啶(SMZ)光催化降解的影响机制.研究表明,SMZ的光催化降解反应符合准一级动力学规律;pH在酸性环境下有利于SMZ的降解;使用草酸钠作为光生空穴分子捕获剂,检测到h~+存在于PDS/g-C_3N_4光催化体系中,并计算得出h~+的贡献率为65.9%,表明h~+在降解中起到主要作用;TOC的检测表明,加入PDS有助于SMZ的矿化.     

Stability analysis of alkaline nitrobenzene-containing wastewater by a catalyzed Fe-Cu treatment process

Iron and copper bimetallic system (catalyzed Fe-Cu process) is a promising technology for alkaline nitrobenzene-containing wastewater treatment. However, little is currently known about the changes of treatment efficiency with time going. This research investigated the long-term performance of the catalyzed Fe-Cu process to reduce nitrobenzene (NB) in alkaline wastewater. In addition, the changes of the metal surfaces morphologies and matters before and after the reaction were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in conjunction with energy-dispersion spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD). The results showed that the surface properties of copper almost remained unchanged after weeks of operation, which spelled its strong chemical stability and resistance to poisoning. Moreover, the results indicated that there were two reasons for the treatment efficiency decreasing with time. One was the gradual iron element consumption due to corrosion. The other was iron reactivity weakened due to the precipitates accumulation on the surfaces that were mainly Fe₃O₄ and FeCO.     

花生壳和核桃壳对活性艳蓝KN-R的吸附特性

以花生壳和核桃壳为原料,制备了两种吸附剂。研究了它们对活性艳蓝KN-R的吸附特性,并与活性炭进行对比。结果表明,这两种吸附剂在p H值为2时吸附效果最好,吸附率分别为84%和58.4%。这两种吸附剂适用于处理低浓度的KN-R废水,处理时间90 min为宜。     

基塘系统改良低洼盐碱地环境效应研究

鲁西北地区是黄淮海平原中低产田低洼盐碱地的主要分布区之一，在鲁西北的禹城市具有该类型洼地科方亩，应用基塘系统工程措施，使浅层地下水地表化，解决了洼地季节性积水、蒸发等形成的盐渍化问题，同时洼地池塘养鱼改碱治水，使原来偏微咸碱水质达到适合水产养殖高产稳产的水质条件，改变了洼地原有的自然状况，并且向良性转化。     

Electrochemical reduction characteristics and the mechanism of chlorinated hydrocarbons at the copper electrode

The electrochemical reduction characteristics of chlorinated hydrocarbons were investigated by cyclic voltammetry technique. The reduction mechanism and activity of the chlorinated hydrocarbons at the copper electrode were explored. The relationship between the structure of chlorinated hydrocarbons and their reductive activity were discussed. The experimental results showed that chlorinated alkanes and a portion of chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons could be reduced directly at the copper electrode. However, chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons were not easy to reduce at the copper electrode. The results provided a theoretical basis for the catalyzed iron inner electrolysis method.     

Co-control of carbon dioxide and air pollutant emissions in China from a cost-effective perspective

With increases in the economy and standards of living, energy consumption has grown significantly in China, which has resulted in serious local air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Because both carbon dioxide (CO₂) and air pollutant emissions mainly stem from fossil energy use, a co-control strategy is simulated and compared with single control in China, using an integrated assessment model (Global Change Assessment Model-Tsinghua University (GCAM-TU)) in this paper. We find that end-of-pipe (EOP) control measures play an important role in reducing air pollution in the near future, but in the long run, optimizing the energy system is an effective way to control both emissions. Reducing air pollutant might take a “free-ride” of decarbonizing the energy system. Compared with a single control of air pollutants, a co-control strategy is likely to reduce the requirement of EOP control measures. The result guides the Chinese government to consider a systemic and scientific plan for decarbonizing the energy system and co-controlling CO₂ and air pollutant, in order to avoid duplicate investments in infrastructure and lockup effect. The solution could be extended to many other developing countries, such as India and Africa, which is helpful to realize the goals of United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Agenda.

     

我国城市水资源利用效率分析

科学客观地评价我国城市水资源利用差异、明晰造成差异的原因可以为决策部门制定适宜的用水供水政策提供科学依据.收集了全国283个城市15年的市辖区城市建设用地面积占市区面积的比重、市辖区人均地区生产总值、市辖区人口密度、市辖区居民生活用水量、市辖区工业用水等10项指标.采用不变规模报酬模型（CCR）分析地级市水资源利用投入产出效益,采用基于松弛变量测度效率分析方法（SBM）逐年计算水资源利用效率,采用Mann-Kendall检验法检验水资源利用效率变化趋势.结果显示,我国主要地级城市水资源利用效率普遍不高,全国主要城市普遍存在投入冗余、产出不足的特点.2000—2014年,全国62.2%的城市水资源利用效率变化趋势不明显,显著下降的占1.4%（p<0.05）,显著升高的占13.07%（p<0.05）.加强区域间技术合作,因地制宜地开展诸如调整产业结构,引进先进生产设备、推广节水设备使用等相关提高水资源利用效率的举措,是实现我国城市可持续发展重要途径.     

介孔铁锰双金属氧化物对Pb2+的吸附及其机理研究

采用高温热解金属草酸盐的方法制备了介孔铁锰双金属氧化物(MFMBO),通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(HRTEM)和比表面测定仪等表征,证实合成的材料为类蠕虫状的介孔结构,比表面积为218.68 m~2·g~(-1).MFMBO对Pb~(2+)的吸附动力学符合准二级动力学方程,吸附等温曲线符合Langmuir模型,热力学参数表明对Pb~(2+)的吸附过程是非自发和吸热的.实验条件下最大吸附量为250mg·g~(-1),吸附性能优于大多无机吸附剂.傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等分析结果表明MFMBO对Pb~(2+)的吸附机理主要为Pb~(2+)对MFMBO表面羟基中H~+的替换,从而形成内层表面络合物.     

土壤地下水环境损害因果关系判定方法及应用

因果关系判定是环境损害鉴定评估的关键环节. 为了应对我国日益增加的土壤、地下水环境损害事件和诉讼需求,开展土壤与地下水环境损害因果关系判定技术方法研究十分必要. 环境损害因果关系判定主要是通过构建污染源到受体的途径,来确定污染源与损害之间的关联性. 基于该原则,结合土壤地下水调查评估实践,构建了土壤和地下水环境损害鉴定评估过程中因果关系判定的技术框架,包括源和受体中污染物的同源性分析、污染物在污染源与受体之间传输载体和介质的识别、传输污染物的载体的运动方向和污染物浓度梯度方向的确定、污染物在源和受体之间迁移途径的连续性和完整性分析4个步骤. 同源性利用指纹图谱、多元统计、同位素等方法进行分析,载体和介质基于地质和水文地质调查、污染调查等手段识别,载体和污染物迁移方向判断以及迁移途径连续性和完整性分析通过空间模拟等技术实现. 将所构建的技术框架和方法在某企业与下游池塘污染事件案例中进行应用,指纹图谱分析结果显示,污染源(企业)和受损资源(池塘水体)中污染物主要为Zn,具有同源性;通过地质和水文地质调查识别出污染物传输的载体和介质为土壤和地下水;运用取样分析和空间模拟方法判断载体的运动方向为污染源向载体的方向,但地下水Zn污染羽在该方向上不连续;进一步结合影像分析、地质条件分析、人员访谈等,证实迁移途径不连续的原因为存在优势通道,最终判定污染源(企业)与下游池塘污染之间确实存在因果关系. 案例应用也证实了该研究所提出的技术框架的合理性与可行性.      

UV降解水溶液中吲哚美辛的动力学研究

以中压汞灯为光源,研究水环境中吲哚美辛(IDM)的紫外光降解机制.实验结果表明,IDM的光解反应符合准一级动力学规律,其降解速率常数随自身浓度的增大而减小,当IDM浓度由1 mg·L~(-1)增至12 mg·L~(-1)时,其速率常数由0.0148 min~(-1)减至0.00412 min~(-1).通过模型研究IDM的紫外光解机制时发现,其降解包括直接光解和自敏化光解,直接光解常数为0.0151 min~(-1).研究环境因子对IDM光解的影响时发现,碱性环境有利于IDM的降解,而溶解氧抑制IDM的光解,腐殖酸通过光掩蔽和自由基猝灭两个作用抑制IDM的光解,硝酸根通过接受光量子产生·OH促进IDM的降解,并通过竞争反应实验测得·OH稳态浓度为2.10×10~(-1)4mol·L~(-1),IDM与·OH的二级反应速率常数为9.86×109L·mol~(-1)·s~(-1).