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501.
502.
Gräfen M Hesse K Pollkläsner D Baumann W 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2003,10(5):301-307
According to directive 93/67/EEC of the European Commission, this paper deals with the generic exposition evaluation of the environmental concentration of cooling Lubricant chemicals from the metal working industry into the hydrosphere. After considering the relevant life-cycle steps and the selection of a representative point source for the 'reasonable worst case', the emission per day Elocal(water) is determined. It leads to the predicted environmental concentration (PEClocal(water)) for the local stage in the compartment water. In order to gain the PEClocal(water) for an example--a corrosion inhibitor as additive in a cooling lubricant--, the relevant emission paths and the corresponding representative point source are described for the reasonable worst case. For non-water-miscible cooling lubricants, none of the operations in the life cycle leads to a release into the compartment water. To evaluate the hazard potential for cooling lubricant chemicals, the complete risk assessment has to be done. Also, the assessment has to be done for all high production volume chemicals, new substances and existing hazard chemicals. This means that even industrial categories like chemicals used in the textile industry or biocides and others have to be evaluated. 相似文献
503.
Genotoxic and teratogenic potential of marine sediment extracts investigated with comet assay and zebrafish test 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Kammann U Biselli S Hühnerfuss H Reineke N Theobald N Vobach M Wosniok W 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2004,132(2):279-287
Organic extracts of marine sediments from the North Sea and the Baltic Sea were investigated with two toxicity assays. The comet assay based on the fish cell line Epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC) was applied to determine the genotoxic potential; zebrafish embryos (Danio rerio) were used to quantify the teratogenic potential of the samples. EC(50) values were calculated from dose-response curves for both test systems. Highest teratogenic and genotoxic effects normalised to total organic carbon (TOC) content were detected in sediment samples of different origins. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are not likely to be the causes of the observed effects, as demonstrated by a two-step fractionation procedure of selected extracts. The toxic potential was more pronounced in fractions having polarity higher than those possessed by PAHs and PCBs. The suitability of the two in vitro test systems for assessing genotoxic and teratogenic effects of marine sediment extracts could be demonstrated. 相似文献
504.
Toxicity of methyl-tert-butyl ether to freshwater organisms 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Werner I Koger CS Deanovic LA Hinton DE 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2001,111(1):83-88
Increased input of the fuel oxygenate methyl-tert-butyl ether (MTBE) into aquatic systems has led to concerns about its effect(s) on aquatic life. As part of a study conducted by University of California scientists for the State of California, the Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, UC Davis, reviewed existing literature on toxicity of MTBE to freshwater organisms, and new information was generated on chronic, developmental toxicity in fish, and potential toxicity of MTBE to California resident species. Depending on time of exposure and endpoint measured, MTBE is toxic to various aquatic organisms at concentrations of 57-> 1000 mg/l (invertebrates), and 388-2600 mg/l (vertebrates). Developmental effects in medaka (Oryzias latipes) were not observed at concentrations up to 480 mg/l, and all fish hatched and performed feeding and swimming in a normal manner. Bacterial assays proved most sensitive with toxicity to Salmonella typhimurium measured at 7.4 mg/l within 48 h. In microalgae, decreased growth was observed at 2400 and 4800 mg/l within 5 days. MTBE does not appear to bioaccumulate in fish and is rapidly excreted or metabolized. Collectively, the available data suggests that at environmental MTBE exposure levels found in surface waters (< 0.1 mg/l) this compound is likely not acutely toxic to aquatic life. However, more information is needed on chronic and sublethal effects before we can eliminate the possibility of risk to aquatic communities at currently detected concentrations. 相似文献
505.
506.
Werner Kratz 《Environmental Sciences Europe》1996,8(3):130-137
Atmospheric heavy metals, (Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn), PAHs, and PCBs, depositions were monitored in scots pine needles during a monitoring network programme (Monitoring Programme Natural Budget Berlin and Environs) in 1991 in the city of Berlin, and the surrounding rural areas of Brandenburg (Germany). The total area of the network covered 3,000 km2. The passive monitoring technique is based on the fact that the concentrations of heavy metals, PAH’s and PCB’s in the needles are closely correlated to atmospheric depositions/emissions. The objectives of the project were to characterize qualitatively and quantitatively the regional atmospheric deposition patterns of heavy metals, PAH’s and PCB’s in rural and polluted urban areas of Berlin and Brandenburg. The indication of the locations which could be characterized as heavy metals, PAH and PCB pollution sources was also targetted in this investigation. After conclusion, comparison with similar studies conducted in different parts of Germany and Europe would be possible. The regional background deposition levels showed different distribution patterns. The lead and PAH concentrations in the pine needles were closely correlated to the locations of combustion sources petrol, oil, brown coal and heavy traffic activities. The PCB and cadmium concentration levels in the pine needles represented a more ubiquitous distribution pattern. 相似文献
507.
508.
An Erratum has been published for this article in Journal of Organizational Behavior 26(7) 2005, 873. Previous research on the relationship between alternative employment opportunities and cooperation has neglected the distinction between evaluations and restrictions. Thus, one cannot analyze the relationship between attractiveness of alternative employment opportunities and organizational citizenship behaviors (OCB) under different levels of perceived ease of finding alternative employment. In a pilot study with N = 149 German employees, we confirm the proposed distinction with confirmatory factor analyses. Based on power‐dependence theory and rational choice models, we predict that under high ease the relationship between attractiveness and OCB should be more strongly negative than under conditions of low ease. In addition, we hypothesize that the interaction between attractiveness and ease should be greater for OCB than for task performance because task performance is exchanged in a relationship with an enforceable, binding contract, while OCB is voluntarily. Results from moderated multiple regression analysis on N = 86 German professional–supervisor dyads support our prediction for a negative relationship between attractiveness and OCB under high ease. Under low ease, we find a positive relationship between attractiveness and OCB. Moreover, there was no relationship with the interaction and task performance. Implications of the findings both for extra‐role and job mobility theory formation and research are discussed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
509.
510.
Alexander Lukeneder Mathias Harzhauser Stefan Müllegger Werner E. Piller 《Marine Biology》2008,154(1):175-182
Stable isotopes (δ18O and δ13C) were measured in successive chambers of the aragonitic shells of the small deep-sea squid Spirula spirula (Linnaeus 1758) (class Cephalopoda, subclass Coleoidea, order Sepioidea, family Spirulidae) to determine whether their depth distributions
change with age. The spiral shells, ranging in diameter from 18 to 23 mm (30–38 chambers), were collected between 2000 and
2006 from beaches in six widely separated locations in three oceans, the Atlantic (Tobago and Canary Islands), Indian (Madagascar,
Maldives, and Perth, Australia), and Pacific Oceans (Ulladulla, Australia). The patterns for both isotopes were highly correlated
in specimens from all six sites. The δ18O data suggest that after hatching at depths >1,000 m at temperatures of 4–6°C, the squid migrate into shallower, warmer waters
at 12–14°C at depths of 400–600 m. Subsequently, the increasing δ18O values suggest a migration back into somewhat cooler, deeper habitats. The δ13C values also revealed three ontogenetic stages in all six specimens, including a major shift from positive to negative values,
which probably corresponds to sexual maturation, the initiation of reproduction, and concomitant changes in diet. In three
of the six specimens (from Tobago, Canary Islands, and Maldives) a fourth embryonic stage (not detected in the oxygen data)
was accompanied by markedly less positive δ13C values in the first few chambers. These data, combined with the scanty life history information from previous studies of
S. spirula, can be used to compare the habitat requirements of related extant and fossil cephalopod genera.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献