固相萃取和液相色谱/质谱/质谱在正离子和负离子模式下检测水中的农药残留

使用固相萃取和液相色谱/质谱/质谱,在正离子和负离子模式下,分别分析了46个和14个农药化合物.无需衍生化,就能达到pg水平的分析灵敏度.对于所有农药的化合物,在5 pg-1 ng的范围内具有很好的线性.     

NOx- und NO2-Konzentrationen

It has been confirmed that the NO_x-concentration in air is highest over industrial areas and that it decreases by more than 75%, parallel to traffic density, over urban areas as related to forested areas. A significant correlation excists between NO₂-concentration and the parameters of “traffic density,” followed by “road density” and “number of inhabitants/km²” in urban areas. No positive correlation was found with the number of “registered cars” and the parameters of “land use”. In forested areas, the traffic density correlated with the NO₂-concentration, but the correlation was not significant. The other parameters had no positive correlation with NO₂-concentration. In forest, urban- and industrial-areas, the NO_x-concentration in the air had a fairly constant ratio to traffic density.     

Humanarzneimittel im aquatischen Ökosystem

Goal

In the Brandenburg State Office for the Environment an approach to assess the potential risk of drug residues in aquatic ecosystems has been developed based on an investigation of the consumption amounts in 1999 to identify or to exclude a potential environmental risk of important human drugs and further to define priority substances for monitoring programs in Brandenburg in the future.

Method

This assessment approach tested with 60 drug agents is based on an exposure estimation considering the main path for the entry human—waste water—sewage plant—surface water, on a substance specific analysis of effects and on an analysis of the environmental fate as compartment distribution, bioaccumulation and persistence.

Results

In Brandenburg surface waters the drug agent concentration for eight of the considered substances is supposed to be greater than 1 μg/l and for at least 13 of the considered substanoes the PNEC in aquatic ecosystems is assumed to be lower than 1 μg/l. A potential risk for the environment can be seen for the antibiotics Ciprofloxacin-HCl and Clarithromycin, the disinfectants Benzalkonium Chloride, Cocospropylendiaminguaniacetat, Glucoprotamine, Laurylpropylenediamine and Polyvidone-iodine, the sexual hormon Ethinylestradiol, the antidiabetic Metformin-HCl, the antiepileptic Carbamazepine and the lipid regulator Clofibrinic acid on the basis of effects because their PEC:PNEC-relation is about 1 or higher. For further 19 drug agents an environmental risk is to be assumed because of their environmental behaviour without support by ecotoxicological data at present.

Conclusion

Although there is only a small base of valid ecotoxicological data, this risk assessment shows that adverse effects in the aquatic environment by some drug agents cannot be excluded. However, it should be noted that this first assessment gives only a crude orientation. Appropriate test data are necessary to refine the assessment in future.     

Emotionale Aspekte der Umweltbewertung aus Sicht der Philosophie

Environmental assessment is a domain of economic, legal and natural sciences. Emotional aspects of environmental assessment are widely undiscussed. However, the consideration of the emotional relationship with nature is an important prerequisite for the acceptance of nature conservation. In connection with the current discussion on aspects of environmental ethics and aesthetics of nature, philosophy has been considering the emotional relationship with nature. However, the analysis of these philosophical approaches shows that they are not able to reconstruct that relationship appropriately. This paper tries to give a new answer. It interprets the emotional relationship with nature as a relic of mythic thinking.