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811.
812.
Werner Reichardt 《Die Naturwissenschaften》1961,48(7):192-207
813.
814.
815.
Kate Millar Erik Thorstensen Sandy Tomkins Ben Mepham Matthias Kaiser 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2007,20(1):53-63
A number of EU institutions and government committees across Europe have expressed interest in developing methods and decision-support
tools to facilitate consideration of the ethical dimensions of biotechnology assessment. As part of the work conducted in
the EC supported project on ethical tools (Ethical Bio-TA Tools), a number of ethical frameworks with the potential to support
the work of public policy decision-makers has been characterized and evaluated. One of these potential tools is the Delphi
method. The Delphi method was originally developed to assess variables that are intangible and/or shrouded in uncertainty
by drawing on the knowledge and abilities of a diverse group of experts through a form of anonymous and iterative consultation.
The method has hitherto been used by a diversity of practitioners to explore issues such as technology assessment, environmental
planning, and public health measures. From the original (classical) Delphi, a family of Delphi-related processes has emerged.
As a result of the evaluation of the various Delphi processes, it is proposed that the classical method can be further developed
and applied as a form of ethical framework to assist policy-makers. Through a series of exercises and trials, an Ethical Delphi
has been developed as a potential approach for characterizing ethical issues raised by the use of novel biotechnologies. Advantages
and disadvantages of the method are discussed. Further work is needed to develop the procedural aspects of the Ethical Delphi
method and to test its use in different cultural contexts. However, utilizing an ethical framework of this type combines the
advantages of a methodical approach to capture ethical aspects with the democratic virtues of transparency and openness to
criticism. Ethical frameworks such as the Ethical Delphi should contribute to better understanding of and decision-making
on issues that involve decisive ethical dimensions. 相似文献
816.
Daniel Lieberman Matthias Jonas Wilfried Winiwarter Zbigniew Nahorski Sten Nilsson 《Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus》2007,7(4-5):421-424
The assessment of greenhouse gases (GHGs) emitted to and removed from the atmosphere is high on both political and scientific agendas internationally. As increasing international concern and cooperation aim at policy-oriented solutions to the climate change problem, several issues have begun to arise regarding verification and compliance under both proposed and legislated schemes meant to reduce the human-induced global climate impact. The approaches to addressing uncertainty introduced in this article attempt to improve national inventories or to provide a basis for the standardization of inventory estimates to enable comparison of emissions and emission changes across countries. Authors of the accompanying articles use detailed uncertainty analyses to enforce the current structure of the emission trading system and attempt to internalize high levels of uncertainty by tailoring the emissions trading market rules. Assessment of uncertainty can help improve inventories and manage risk. Through recognizing the importance of, identifying and quantifying uncertainties, great strides can be made in the process of Accounting for Climate Change. 相似文献
817.
Peter Viebahn Michael Matthies Werner Berens und Bodo Rieger 《Umweltwissenschaften und Schadstoff-Forschung》1999,11(5):303-307
Zusammenfassung Grundlage für die erste Stoff- und Energieflu?analyse der Universit?t Osnabrück und die Erstellung der ?kobilanz war eine
umfangreiche und damit zeitaufwendige Datensammlung, — aufbereitung und — weiterverarbeitung. Um die Bilanzierung für die
Folgejahre zu vereinfachen und die ermittelten Daten für ein ?ko-Controlling nutzen zu k?nnen, wurde ein Konzept für ein Umweltinformationssystem
(UIS) der Universit?t erarbeitet. Es setzt sich zusammen aus der operativen Ebene mit den dezentralen Daten(banken) der Verwaltung,
einer zentralen Datenbankebene, in der die ?kobilanz erstellt und Umweltkennzahlen berechnet werden, und einer Auswertungs-
und Pr?sentationsebene als Schnittstelle zwischen Daten und ihren Nutzern. Das UIS wird mittelfristig als Teil des Management-Informationssystem
implementiert, das die Universit?t als erste Hochschule Deutschlands zur Zeit entwickelt.
相似文献
818.
Sabine Perch-Nielsen Ana Sesartic Matthias Stucki 《Environmental Science & Policy》2010,13(2):131-140
Greenhouse gas intensity is a ratio comparing the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of an activity or economic sector to the economic value it generates. In recent years, many countries have calculated the GHG intensity of their economic sectors as a basis for policy making. The GHG intensity of tourism, however, has not been determined since tourism is not measured as an economic sector in the national accounts. While for tourism-reliant countries it would be useful to know this quantity, a number of difficulties exist in its determination. In this study, we determine the GHG intensity of tourism's value added in Switzerland by means of a detailed bottom-up approach with the main methodological focus on how to achieve consistent system boundaries. For comparison, we calculate the tourism sector's GHG intensity for selected European countries using a simpler top-down approach. Our results show that the Swiss tourism sector is more than four times more GHG intensive than the Swiss economy on average. Of all tourism's sub-sectors, air transport stands out as the sector with by far largest emissions (80%) and highest GHG intensity. The results for other countries make similar, if not as pronounced, patterns apparent. We discuss the results and possible mitigation options against the background of the goal to prevent dangerous climate change. 相似文献
819.
Christian Kuhlicke Annett Steinführer Chloe Begg Chiara Bianchizza Michael Bründl Matthias Buchecker Bruna De Marchi Marina Di Masso Tarditti Corina Höppner Bla? Komac Louis Lemkow Jochen Luther Simon McCarthy Luigi Pellizzoni Ortwin Renn Anna Scolobig Meera Supramaniam Sue Tapsell Gisela Wachinger Gordon Walker Rebecca Whittle Matija Zorn Hazel Faulkner 《Environmental Science & Policy》2011,14(7):804-814
Social capacity building for natural hazards is a topic increasingly gaining relevance not only for so-called developing countries but also for European welfare states which are continuously challenged by the social, economic and ecological impacts of natural hazards. Following an outline of recent governance changes with regard to natural hazards, we develop a heuristic model of social capacity building by taking into account a wide range of existing expertise from different fields of research. Particular attention is paid to social vulnerability and its assessment, as well as to risk communication and risk education as specific strategies of social capacity building. We propose to distinguish between interventionist and participatory approaches, thus enabling for a better understanding of existing practices of social capacity building as well as their particular strengths and weaknesses. By way of conclusion, we encourage more research on social capacity building for natural hazards in the European context which at present is highly diverse and, at least in parts, only poorly investigated. 相似文献
820.