Quantitative polarographische Bestimmung des Acetaldehyds

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太湖夏季水体中尿素的来源探析

为研究尿素氮在太湖生态系统中的作用,于夏季采集湖体及环湖河道水样进行尿素及不同形态氮素含量分析.通过河道及湖体的82个调查点位生态指标的同步分析,得出以下结果:①太湖尿素氮含量变化范围为0.011~0.161 mg·L-1,总体呈现出西北高,东南低的变化趋势,与流域主要污染源分布有关;②太湖水体溶解性氮以无机氮库为主,铵硝比为5∶1,其中尿素氮占总氮、溶解性总氮、溶解性有机氮和生物可利用氮的平均质量分数分别为2.28%、5.91%、15.86%、6.22%,生态作用不容忽视;③环湖河道的尿素氮含量比湖体高出一倍,出湖河道尿素氮含量还略高于入湖河道;④太湖尿素氮与其他形式氮之间可能存在彼此转换关系,尿素氮含量与高锰酸盐指数、不同形态氮含量均呈显著正相关关系,与溶解氧呈显著负相关关系;湖体的尿素氮含量与叶绿素a含量呈弱正相关,与底栖生物、浮游动物种群的空间分布有密切联系.本研究表明太湖水体中尿素氮可能是湖体有机、无机态氮转化的桥梁,是湖体自身氮素循环快慢的标志,氮的循环速率控制尿素氮含量,高氮(特别是有机态氮)含量及低溶解氧条件是尿素升高的前提.太湖湖体尿素含量受外源输入和内源转化的双重影响.     

Development of an integrative passive sampler for the monitoring of organic water pollutants

The development of convenient and competitive devices and methods for monitoring of organic pollutants in the aquatic environment is of increasing interest. An integrative passive sampling system has been developed which consists of a solid poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) material (tube or rod), acting as hydrophobic organic receiving phase, enclosed in a water-filled or an air-filled low-density polyethylene (LDPE) membrane tubing. These samplers enable the direct analysis of the pollutants accumulated during exposure in the receiving phase by thermodesorption-GC/MS, avoiding expensive sample preparation and cleanups. The capabilities of these sampling devices were studied for the sampling of 20 persistent organic pollutants (chlorobenzenes, hexachlorocyclohexanes, p,p'-DDE, PAHs, and PCBs) in laboratory exposure experiments. For the three sampler designs investigated the uptake of all target analytes was integrative over exposure periods up to 9 days (except PCB 101). The determined sampling rates range from 4 to 1340 microl h(-1) for the water-filled samplers and from 20 to 6360 microl h(-1) for the air-filled ones, respectively. The sampling rate of the analytes is dependent on their molecular weight, partition between water and sampler media (PDMS, polyethylene, water, air) and also of the sampler design. The passive samplers enable the estimation of time-weighted average (TWA) concentration of water pollutants in the lower ng l(-1) to pg l(-1) range.     

Vulnerability of schools to floods in Nyando River catchment,Kenya

This paper assesses the vulnerability of schools to floods in the Nyando River catchment (3,600 km²) in western Kenya and identifies measures needed to reduce this vulnerability. It surveys 130 schools in the lower reaches, where flooding is a recurrent phenomenon. Of the primary schools assessed, 40% were vulnerable, 48% were marginally vulnerable and 12% were not vulnerable. Of the secondary schools, 8% were vulnerable, 73% were marginally vulnerable and 19% were not vulnerable. Vulnerability to floods is due to a lack of funds, poor building standards, local topography, soil types and inadequate drainage. The Constituencies Development Fund (CDF), established in 2003, provides financial support to cover school construction and reconstruction costs; CDF Committees are expected to adopt school building standards. In an effort to promote safe and resilient construction and retrofitting to withstand floods, this paper presents vulnerability reduction strategies and recommendations for incorporating minimum standards in the on‐going Primary School Infrastructure Programme Design.     

The Effects of Small Dam Removal on the Distribution of Sedimentary Contaminants

With increasing concern over degradation of aquatic resources, issues of liability, and maintenance costs, removal of small dams has become increasing popular. Although the benefits of removal seem to outweigh the drawbacks, there is a relative paucity of studies documenting the extent and magnitude of biological and chemical changes associated with dam removal, especially those evaluating potential changes in contaminant inventories. In August and November of 2000, a run-of-the-river dam on Manatawny Creek (southeast Pennsylvania) was removed in a two-stage process. To assess the effects of dam removal on the contaminant redistribution within the creek, sedimentary concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and trace metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn) were evaluated prior to and several months after removal. Pre- and post-removal analyses revealed elevated and spatially variable concentrations of total PAHs (ranging from approximately 200 to 81,000 ng(g dry weight) and low to moderate concentrations of trace metals and PCBs. The concentrations of these sedimentary contaminants pre- versus post-removal were not significantly different. Additionally, though the impoundment received storm water run-off and associated contaminants from the adjacent city of Pottstown, the total inventory of fine-grain sediments in the impoundment prior to removal was very low. The removal of the low-level Manatawny Creek dam did not significantly redistribute contaminants downstream. However, each dam removal should be assessed on a case by case basis where the potential of sedimentary contaminant redistribution upon dam removal exists.     

Altitude profiles of total chlorinated paraffins in humus and spruce needles from the Alps (MONARPOP)

Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are toxic, bioaccumulative, persistent, and ubiquitously present in the environment. CPs were analyzed in humus and needle samples, which were taken within the Monitoring Network in the Alpine Region for Persistent and other Organic Pollutants (MONARPOP) at sampling sites of 7 different altitude profiles in the Alps. Gas chromatography combined with electron ionization tandem mass spectrometry (EI-MS/MS) was used for the determination of total CPs (sum of short, medium and long chain CPs). CPs were found in all samples; the concentrations varied between 7 and 199 ng g⁻¹ dry weight (dw) and within 26 and 460 ng g⁻¹ dw in humus and needle samples, respectively. A clear vertical tendency within the individual altitude profiles could not be ascertained. Within all altitude profiles, elevated concentrations were observed in humus samples taken between 700 and 900 m and between 1300 and 1500 m. In the needle samples no similar correlation could be observed due to higher variation of the data.