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51.
Influence of altitude concerning the contamination of humus soils in the German Alps: a data evaluation approach using PyHasse 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Kristina Voigt Rainer Brüggemann Manfred Kirchner Karl-Werner Schramm 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2010,17(2):429-440
Background, aim and scope
In an international project named MONARPOP (Monitoring Network in the Alpine Region for Persistent and other Organic Pollutants), selected chemicals in different environmental media were analysed in the years 2004 and 2005. Seventeen pesticides were chosen and analysed in humus and mineral soil in the German Alps. The samples were taken at different altitudes. 相似文献52.
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Christian C. Voigt Otto von Helversen Robert Michener Thomas H. Kunz 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2001,50(1):31-36
Saccopteryx bilineata has a polygynous mating system in which males defend females in a harem territory. Harem defense and courtship include energetically costly flight maneuvers and hovering displays. We tested if (1) harem males have a greater field metabolic rate than non-harem males or females and if (2) the field metabolic rate of harem males is correlated with the number of females in a harem territory. We measured the energy budget in 32 S. bilineata with the doubly labeled water method and compared these estimates with behavioral observations in the daytime roost. Among adult bats, field metabolic rate varied with body mass by an exponent of approximately two. We found no significant difference in field metabolic rate or mass-specific field metabolic rate between harem and non-harem males. The mass-specific field metabolic rate of harem-males increased with harem size. The latter finding supports the hypothesis that the energy costs of courtship display and territorial defense influence the energy budget of harem males. Overall, field metabolic rates of S. bilineata were lower than those of similarly sized bats of the temperate zone and only 2.3 times above the basal metabolic rate recorded for this species. We suggest that male S. bilineata did not take advantage of their metabolic capacity because a prudent allocation of energy to activities of harem maintenance is an adaptive strategy for males in this mating system. 相似文献
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Introduction
This paper is in response to criticism of our article “The human sex odds at birth after the atmospheric atomic bomb tests, after Chernobyl, and in the vicinity of nuclear facilities” published in Environ Sci Pollut Res 18(5):697–707, 2011.Methods
Our findings and methods concerning the disturbed human sex odds at birth have been criticized in this journal for being artifacts of data mining, that the concept of statistical significance was misunderstood, and that confounding factors have not been accounted for. Here, we show that this criticism has no basis. We applied well-established statistical methods to large official data sets, and confounding is less important at the level of secular sex odds trends in aggregated annual figures from countries or continents.Results and conclusions
Moreover, our results are strengthened by recent findings concerning increased infant death sex odds in Germany and increased Down syndrome prevalence at birth across Europe after Chernobyl. Prompted by our studies, an official investigation in Lower Saxony, Germany, by the “Niedersächsisches Landesgesundheitsamt (NLGA)” confirmed our observation of severely escalated sex odds within 40 km distance from the nuclear storage site in Gorleben, Germany.58.
Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund und Ziel Die Exposition gentechnisch ver?nderter Kulturpflanzen erfordert die Beobachtung ihrer Umweltwirkungen. Ziel der Beitragsserie
über die Beobachtung ?kologischer Wirkungen von GVO ist es, den hierzu erreichten Stand der Wissenschaft vorzustellen. Da
bei einem Bundesl?nder und ggf. europ?ische Staaten übergreifenden Monitoring besonders auf methodisch vergleichbare und r?umlich
aussagekr?ftige Daten zu achten ist, werden in diesem einführenden Beitrag wissenschaftstheoretische und statistische Grundlagen
des Monitoring sowie die Standardisierung der Beobachtungsverfahren behandelt.
Schwerpunkte Im Mittelpunkt stehen zun?chst ?kologische Anforderungen an das GVO-Monitoring. Um mit GVO ggf. zusammenh?ngende Umweltver?nderungen
ermitteln zu k?nnen, ist eine Eingliederung in bestehende Umweltbeobachtungsprogramme erforderlich. GVO-Exposition und-Wirkung
sind aufeinander bezogen über die Organisationsstufen ?kologischer Systeme hinweg zu erfassen. Ein effizientes und suffizientes
Monitoring bedarf eines wissenschaftstheoretisch und statistisch soliden Designs. Deshalb werden einem weiteren Schwerpunkt
dieses Beitrags wissenschaftstheoretische Grundlagen der Hypothesenbildung und-prüfung behandelt. Hierfür bedarf es Daten,
die mehreren, im Einzelnen behandelten Qualit?tskriterien entsprechen müssen. Eines dieser Kriterien ist die r?umliche und
zeitliche Verallgemeinerungsf?higkeit der Monitoring-Befunde, die in dem dritten Schwerpunkt des Beitrags dargestellt wird.
Schlussfolgerungen Für die Prüfung von Hypothesen über Umweltfolgen von GVO sind konsequent ?kosystemforschung und Monitoring eng miteinander
zu vernetzen. Denn sie erfüllen komplement?re Funktionen, die für das Monitoring der Umweltwirkungen von GVO von gro?er praktischer
und wissenschaftlicher Bedeutung sind.
Empfehlungen Das GVO-Monitoring sollte in bestehende Programme der ?kosystemforschung und der Umweltbeobachtung eingebettet werden und
die ?kologischen Organisationsstufen sowie GVO-Exposition und-Wirkung einschlie?en. Die Lokalisierung der Messorte sollte
die erwartete Exposition oder Wirkung berücksichtigen.
Perspektiven Weitere Beitr?ge dieser Serie werden die Messplanung, das Pollenmonitoring und die r?umliche Verallgemeinerung von Ergebnissen
standortspezifischer Messungen oder Modellierungen behandeln.
Environmental monitoring of ecological impacts of GMOs
Goal, Scope and Background The release of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) may result in ecological impacts to be monitored. This series presents the state-of-art concerning the environmental monitoring of ecological impacts of GMOs. Since this monitoring is conducted by several authorities, the methodical comparability and spatial validity of the monitoring data is crucial. Thus, the respective fundamentals of philosophy of science and of statistics as well as the methodical standardisation form the focus of this article. Main Features At first, the monitoring requirements will be described from the viewpoint of ecology. Consequently, the GMO monitoring needs to be integrated into existing programmes. Exposure and effects of GMOs have to be monitored across the hierarchy of ecological organisation. For monitoring to be efficient and sufficient, the design must be founded in terms of philosophy of science and statistics. Hence the fundamentals concerning the verification of hypotheses represent another feature of this article. The data used for the verification of hypotheses must comply with quality criteria. One of these criteria is the spatial and temporal extrapolation of the monitoring results, which is the third feature in this introductory article. Conclusions The evaluation of hypotheses on GMO impacts requires the linkage to ecosystems research and environmental monitoring. These both are, in terms of methodology, complementary and of significant technical and scientific value for GMO monitoring. Recommendations GMO-monitoring should closely be connected with ecosystems research and environmental monitoring. The levels of ecological organisation should be covered as well as the exposure and the effects of GMOs. The expected GMO exposure and effects should be considered by localising the monitoring sites. Perspectives Further articles of this series will deal with network designing, GMO pollen monitoring and extrapolation of site-specific measurements and modelling results.相似文献
59.
Polybrominated diphenyl ether in sewage sludge in Germany 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Sewage sludge samples from 11 municipal waste water treatment plants in Germany were collected from March 2002 to June 2003. Total Tri- to HpBDE concentrations (sum of significant congeners BDE 28, 47, 99, 153, 154 and 183) ranged from 12.5 to 288 (median 108) and DeBDE (BDE 209) concentrations from 97.1 to 2217 (median 256) ng/gd.m. BDE 209 dominated the congener profile. A significant change of the Tri- to HpBDE congener profile (% of total BDE 28, 47, 99, 153, 154, 183 without 209) in sludge from different stages of the waste water treatment process (primary sludge, secondary excess sludge and (dewatered) digested sludge), indicating a degradation of DeBDE to these congeners, was not observed. 相似文献
60.