Minimizing species extinctions through strategic planning for conservation fencing

Conservation fences are an increasingly common management action, particularly for species threatened by invasive predators. However, unlike many conservation actions, fence networks are expanding in an unsystematic manner, generally as a reaction to local funding opportunities or threats. We conducted a gap analysis of Australia's large predator‐exclusion fence network by examining translocation of Australian mammals relative to their extinction risk. To address gaps identified in species representation, we devised a systematic prioritization method for expanding the conservation fence network that explicitly incorporated population viability analysis and minimized expected species’ extinctions. The approach was applied to New South Wales, Australia, where the state government intends to expand the existing conservation fence network. Existing protection of species in fenced areas was highly uneven; 67% of predator‐sensitive species were unrepresented in the fence network. Our systematic prioritization yielded substantial efficiencies in that it reduced expected number of species extinctions up to 17 times more effectively than ad hoc approaches. The outcome illustrates the importance of governance in coordinating management action when multiple projects have similar objectives and rely on systematic methods rather than expanding networks opportunistically.     

Limitations of outsourcing on‐the‐ground biodiversity conservation

To counteract global species decline, modern biodiversity conservation engages in large projects, spends billions of dollars, and includes many organizations working simultaneously within regions. To add to this complexity, the conservation sector has hierarchical structure, where conservation actions are often outsourced by funders (foundations, government, etc.) to local organizations that work on‐the‐ground. In contrast, conservation science usually assumes that a single organization makes resource allocation decisions. This discrepancy calls for theory to understand how the expected biodiversity outcomes change when interactions between organizations are accounted for. Here, we used a game theoretic model to explore how biodiversity outcomes are affected by vertical and horizontal interactions between 3 conservation organizations: a funder that outsourced its actions and 2 local conservation organizations that work on‐the‐ground. Interactions between the organizations changed the spending decisions made by individual organizations, and thereby the magnitude and direction of the conservation benefits. We showed that funders would struggle to incentivize recipient organizations with set priorities to perform desired actions, even when they control substantial amounts of the funding and employ common contracting approaches to enhance outcomes. Instead, biodiversity outcomes depended on priority alignment across the organizations. Conservation outcomes for the funder were improved by strategic interactions when organizational priorities were well aligned, but decreased when priorities were misaligned. Meanwhile, local organizations had improved outcomes regardless of alignment due to additional funding in the system. Given that conservation often involves the aggregate actions of multiple organizations with different objectives, strategic interactions between organizations need to be considered if we are to predict possible outcomes of conservation programs or costs of achieving conservation targets.     

The phylogeny of archaebacteria,including novel anaerobic thermoacidophiles in the light of RNA polymerase structure

DNA-dependent RNA polymerases of archaebacteria are distinct from those of eubacteria both in structure and in function. They show similarities to those of the eukaryotic cytoplasm. Extremely thermophilic anaerobic sulfur-respiring archaebacteria isolated from solfataric waters represent four different families, the Thermoproteaceae, the “stiff filaments”, the Desulfurococcaceae and the Thermococcaceae, of a novel order, Thermoproteales. Together with the Sulfolobales, they form the second branch of the urkingdom of the archaebacteria besides that of the methanogens and extreme halophiles. Thermoplasma appears isolated.     

Analysis of chlorinated paraffins in cutting fluids and sealing materials by carbon skeleton reaction gas chromatography

Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) pose a major risk in the environment, due to their wide application, to their persistence, to their carcinogenic potential, and in view of the fact, that they cannot be easily identified. Various commercial cutting fluids and sealing materials were analysed for CPs with carbon skeleton reaction gas chromatography (GC) and flame ionization detection. CPs are simultaneously dechlorinated and hydrogenated to the corresponding alkanes with Pd catalyst material in the GC injector. With this method, the carbon chain length of commercial technical CPs was determined. In six of sixteen sealing materials we found five short and one medium chain length polychlorinated paraffins in percentages of 9-16% (w/w). In five cutting fluids we found predominantly medium to long chain length chloroparaffins with percentages of 2.5-31% (w/w), only one fluid contained short chain CPs.     

Quantifying ozone uptake and its effects on the stand level of common beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in Southern Germany

Stand level O(3) fluxes were calculated using water balance calculations for 21 Common beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) stands and O(3) data from 20 monitoring stations in Southern Germany. For this intention, the daily loss of water by evapotranspiration per stand area was set against the daily O(3) uptake. During the last 30 years, O(3) uptake ranges between 0 and 187 mmol ha(-1) d(-1) per stand area. Cumulative O(3) uptake (CUO(3)), ranging between 0.1 and 0.7 mmol m(-2) yr(-1) per stand area, shows increasing trends since 1971 with considerably greater values at high altitudes. Effects in radial growth were used to derive an initial approximate critical threshold value for O(3) impacts on the vitality and growth of mature beech stands in Southern Germany. It is concluded that this concept of O(3) flux estimation in combination with dendroecological analyses offers both a site specific and regional applicable approach to derive new critical levels for O(3).     

Defining Chlorophyll-a Reference Conditions in European Lakes

The concept of “reference conditions” describes the benchmark against which current conditions are compared when assessing the status of water bodies. In this paper we focus on the establishment of reference conditions for European lakes according to a phytoplankton biomass indicator—the concentration of chlorophyll-a. A mostly spatial approach (selection of existing lakes with no or minor human impact) was used to set the reference conditions for chlorophyll-a values, supplemented by historical data, paleolimnological investigations and modelling. The work resulted in definition of reference conditions and the boundary between “high” and “good” status for 15 main lake types and five ecoregions of Europe: Alpine, Atlantic, Central/Baltic, Mediterranean, and Northern. Additionally, empirical models were developed for estimating site-specific reference chlorophyll-a concentrations from a set of potential predictor variables. The results were recently formulated into the EU legislation, marking the first attempt in international water policy to move from chemical quality standards to ecological quality targets.