Forests provide ecosystem services, including timber production. In some cases, private forest owners perform management actions in order to enhance the provision of such services, or they may be encouraged by public policies and payments. This paper focuses specifically on the decision to set forest land aside for biodiversity conservation, as part of the more general question of the efficiency of multiple-use vs. specialised management of forest lands. We propose an econometric analysis to identify factors in the set-aside choice and measure the impact of this decision on forest management costs. The results show that the set-aside choice depends on the landowners’ income and motivations related to forest amenities. The choice of specialised management, as reflected in the set-aside decision, has a significant and positive impact on the intensity of management in the remainder of the forest and on management costs. From a policy implications point of view, these results suggest that instruments such as forest certification, subsidies and reverse auctions for conservation will be most likely to attract the interest of those forest owners with personal motivations and forest properties that offer both benefit and cost advantages in opting for such specialised management strategies.
Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - The ilmenite-chloride process has used for the production of TiCl4 from the ilmenite (FeTiO3) ore, which produces cyclone dust containing mostly... 相似文献
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Biodiesel combustion particulate matter (PM) is different from diesel combustion PM in terms of microscopic morphology, which directly affects the... 相似文献
In this paper, the response mechanism of activated sludge exposed to low-dose ozone at less than 20 mg O3 g−1 total suspended solids (TSS) was studied by analyzing the changes in sludge activity and the evolution of C, N, P and metals from sludge following ozonation. The intracellular ATP concentration was not affected at less than 5 mg O3 g−1 TSS and thereafter decreased rapidly to around 60% when the ozone dose increased to 20 mg O3 g−1 TSS. Similarly, the efficiency of sludge solubilization initially changed a little and then increased rapidly to around 30% at an ozone dose of 20 mg O3 g−1 TSS. However, the activities of superoxide dismutase and protease decreased immediately upon exposure to ozone. These findings indicate that ozone firstly destroys the floc, leading to the disruption of the compact aggregates, which does not affect cells viability but induces a decrease in enzyme activities. Ozone then attacks the bacterial cells of the sludge, causing a decrease in cells viability. During ozonation, the content of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in the sludge matrix decreased, while the content of these elements in the micro-solids and supernatant gradually increased. Most of the released metals from the sludge matrix were found in the micro-solids. 相似文献
Improved techniques are needed to monitor toxic aminophenols in industrial wastewater. Microchip capillary electrophoresis
(CE)-electrochemical detection (ECD) can be used to develop miniaturized system providing on-site monitoring. Here, a dual-channel
microchip CE-ECD has been applied for the monitoring of aminophenols. The effect of conductance and capacitance between a
working electrode and a reference electrode has been studied to minimize the noise that was generated in the amperometric
detection. A mixture of aminophenols dissolved in a running buffer has been monitored. A separation efficiency with a plate
number of 4770 and a high linear concentration dependence from 100 nM to 1 mM have been achieved for p-aminophenol. As a result, the analysis system has been applied for the monitoring of the pollutants with low detection limits
of p-aminophenol (14.6 nM), o-aminophenol (10.6 nM) and m-aminophenol (15.3 nM). Here, we show that a wastewater sample from a natural gas refinery can be monitored using the microchip
CE-ECD system. 相似文献