酸性条件下剩余污泥中Ca2＋和Mg2＋溶出对磷回收的影响

为了在酸性条件下实现剩余污泥中磷的高效回收,对pH=3时剩余污泥水解酸化过程中氨氮、正磷酸盐和钙镁离子的溶出现象以及磷回收进行了研究分析。结果表明：当pH=3时,所溶出的氨氮、镁离子和钙离子与磷酸盐的摩尔比均大于1,能满足采用鸟粪石沉淀法或者羟磷灰石沉淀法回收磷的要求;但所溶出的钙镁离子的摩尔比大于1,会对鸟粪石沉淀法回收磷的顺利进行有较大影响;有无外加镁剂对磷回收率影响不大。采用改型后的镁型强酸性阳离子交换树脂进行离子交换可以得到较高纯度的鸟粪石沉淀产品,通过XRD检测其纯度为95％以上。     

垃圾填埋场渗滤液运移规律分析与模拟

基于多孔介质流体力学、多相流以及土壤水动力学理论,利用理论分析和数值模拟相结合的方法,研究了垃圾填埋场中渗滤液运移过程的基本规律,并对填埋场底部可渗和不可渗2种情况下渗滤液的运移规律进行了模拟比对,研究成果可为填埋场渗滤液控制系统的设计和管理提供科学的理论依据和技术支持。     

二段生物接触氧化工艺在中水回用中的特性研究

以规模小区生活污水为水源,对采用聚丙烯网状填料和强化炉渣组合填料的二段生物接触氧化工艺（以下简称二段法）进行了试验研究,试验针对本工艺的各项技术指标、影响因素以及各相关参数进行了较系统的试验测试。结果表明,反应器在第一接触氧池HRT为20 min、气水比为6∶1和第二接触氧池HRT为25 min、气水比为5∶1条件下,接触氧化池达到最佳降碳条件;反应器在第一接触沉池上升流速5.5 m/h和第二接触沉池上升流速4.5 m/h条件下,接触沉淀池达到最佳处理条件。     

Use of historical and contemporary distribution of mammals in China to inform conservation

A systematic understanding of dynamic animal extinction trajectories for different regions in a nation like China is critically important to developing practical conservation strategies. We explored historical and contemporary changes in terrestrial mammalian diversity to determine how diversity in each of the 5 regions in China has changed over time and to examine the conservation potential of these regions. We used records from databases on Pleistocene mammalian fossils and historical distribution records (1175–2020) for Primates (as a case study) to reconstruct evolutionary and historical distribution trajectories of the 11 orders of terrestrial mammals and to predict their prospective survival based on the national conservation strategy applied. The results indicated that since the Pleistocene, 4–5 mammalian orders have been lost in the northeast, 3 in central China, 2 along the coast, and 1 in the northwest. In the southwest, all 11 orders were maintained. Contemporarily, the coast and southwest had the highest and second-highest species densities. The southwest region and southeastern sections of the northwest region were the most historically and contemporarily diverse areas, which suggests that they should be the first priority for protected area (PA) designation. The central and coastal areas should be secondarily prioritized. In these 2 regions, conservation should focus on human coexistence with nature. Less attention should be paid to the PA in the northeast and western northwest because in these areas ecosystems are depauperate and the climate is harsh. Conservation in these areas should focus principally on avoiding further human encroachment on natural areas. Article impact statement: Historical and contemporary patterns of extinction can be a basis for mammalian conservation strategies.     

An investigation on pollutant emissions from co-firing of RDF and coal

Pollutant emissions from co-firing of refuse derived fuel (RDF) and coal were investigated in a vortexing fluidized bed combustor (VFBC). RDF-5 was made of common municipal solid waste (MSW). CaCO₃ was injected in the combustor to absorb HCl at 850 °C. The results show that NO_x and HCl emissions increase with RDF-5 co-firing ratio. The NO_x concentration in flue gas at the bottom of the combustor is higher than that at the top. However, the trend of HCl released is reverse compared with NO_x emissions. It was found that the HCl concentration decreases with increasing the molar ratio of Ca/Cl. However, the effect of CaCO₃ addition on HCl retention is not significant when the molar ratio of Ca/Cl is higher than 5. The chlorine content in fly ash increases obviously with the molar ratio of Ca/Cl. PCDD/Fs emissions decrease slightly with an addition of CaCO₃. In this study incomplete combustion is regarded as the main cause for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) formation.     

Application of response surface methodology to the treatment landfill leachate in a three-dimensional electrochemical reactor

The influence of different variables on the removal of ammonia nitrogen and COD from landfill leachate was investigated in a three-dimensional electrochemical reactor. Box–Behnken statistical experiment design and the response surface methodology were used to investigate operating condition effects, such as current density, activated carbon to water ratio and the reaction time, on ammonia nitrogen removal efficiency and COD removal efficiency. The positive and negative effects of variables and the interaction between variables on ammonia nitrogen removal and COD removal were determined. The response surface methodology models were derived based on the results and the response surface plots were developed accordingly.     

Crystallization and Mechanical Properties of Recycled Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Toughened by Styrene–Ethylene/Butylenes–Styrene Elastomer

Recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) (R-PET) was blended with 15–30 wt% of styrene–ethylene/butylenes–styrene (SEBS) block copolymer and maleic anhydride grafted SEBS (SEBS-g-MA). Effects of nucleation and toughening of the elastomers were evaluated systematically by study of morphology, crystallization, thermal and mechanical properties of the blend. The addition of 30 wt% SEBS promoted the formation of co-continuous structure of the blend and caused the fracture mechanism to change from strain softening to strain hardening. Addition of SEBS-g-MA resulted in significant modification of phase morphology and obviously improved the impact strength. The compatibilization reaction of PET with SEBS-g-MA accelerated the crystallization of PET and increased the crystallinity. The shifts in glass transition temperature of PET towards that of SEBS-g-MA and the higher modulus for R-PET/SEBS-g-MA (70/30) blend found by DMA are also indications of better interactions under the conditions of compatibilization and interpenetrating structure.     

Environmentally Friendly Polyurethane Composites: Preparation, Characterization and Mechanical Properties

The waterborne polyurethane (PU) prepolymer was prepared based on isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), polyester polyol (N220), dimethylol propionic acid (DMPA) and hydroxyethyl methyl acrylate (HEMA). The modified waterborne polyurethane–acrylate (PUA) emulsions were obtained with different proportions of acrylate (butyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate) and initiating agent by in situ dispersion technique. The structures and thermal properties of prepared PU and PUA were analyzed and characterized with FT-IR, UV–Vis spectroscopy and DSC. The PUA hybrid samples had lower glass transition temperature of hard segment and higher decomposition temperatures than PU sample. Performances of the emulsion and film were studied by means of apparent viscidity, particle size and polydispersity, surface tension and mechanical properties. The results indicated that the particle sizes of the PUA dispersions were larger than those of the pure PU and the solvent resistance, mechanical properties of PUA films was improved compare with the unmodified polyurethane film. The film had the biggest hardness and the least water absorption when the BA/MMA mass ratio 5:5 modified PU. The obtained PUA have great potential application such as coatings, leather finishing, adhesives, sealants, plastic coatings and wood finishes.     

Kinetic studies on the adsorption of phenol, 4-chlorophenol,and 2,4-dichlorophenol from water using activated carbons

This study uses rate parameters in pseudo-first-order (PFO) and pseudo-second-order (PSO) equations (k₁ and k₂q_e, respectively) to judge the extent for approaching equilibrium in an adsorption process. Out of fifty-six systems collected from the literature, the adsorption processes with a k₂q_e value between 0.1 and 0.8 min^?1 account for as much as 70% of the total. These are classified as fast processes. This work compares the validity of PFO and PSO equations for the adsorption of phenol, 4-chlorophenol (4-CP), and 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) on activated carbons prepared from pistachio shells at different NaOH/char ratios. The activated carbons, recognized as microporous materials, had a surface area ranging from 939 to 1936 m²/g. Findings show that the adsorption of phenol, 4-CP, and 2,4-DCP on activated carbons had a k₂q_e value of 0.15–0.58 min^?1, reflecting the fast process. Evaluating the operating time by rate parameters revealed that k₂q_e was 1.6–1.8 times larger than k₁. These findings demonstrate the significance of using an appropriate kinetic equation for adsorption process design.     

CFD simulation of MSW combustion and SNCR in a commercial incinerator

A CFD scheme was presented for modeling municipal solid waste (MSW) combustion in a moving-grate incinerator, including the in-bed burning of solid wastes, the out-of-bed burnout of gaseous volatiles, and the selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) process between urea (CO(NH₂)₂) and NO_x. The in-bed calculations provided 2-D profiles of the gas–solid temperatures and the gas species concentrations along the bed length, which were then used as inlet conditions for the out-of-bed computations. The over-bed simulations provided the profiles of incident radiation heat flux on the top of bed. A 3-dimensional benchmark simulation was conducted with a 750 t/day commercial incinerator using the present coupling scheme incorporating with a reduced SNCR reduction mechanism. Numerical tests were performed to investigate the effects of operating parameters such as injection position, injection speed and the normalized stoichiometric ratio (NSR) on the SNCR performance. The simulation results showed that the distributions of gas velocity, temperature and NO_x concentration were highly non-uniform, which made the injection position one of the most sensitive operating parameters influencing the SNCR performance of moving grate incinerators. The simulation results also showed that multi-layer injections were needed to meet the EU2000 standard, and a NSR 1.5 was suggested as a compromise of a satisfactory NO_x reduction and reasonable NH₃ slip rates. This work provided useful guides to the design and operation of SNCR process in moving-grate incinerators.