拟除虫菊酯与有机磷农药混合溶液的光敏降解

研究了胺菊酯、甲醚菊酯、丙烯菊酯和氯菊酯以及甲基１６５０、毒死蜱、乐果在高压汞灯照射下的光解速率及其混合物在光解过程中的相互影响。结果表明光解速率顺序与农药的种类有关；两种不同类型杀虫共存时将改变彼此的光解速率，发生光敏作用，有机磷农药对拟除虫菊酯光敏作用的顺序是甲基１６０５〉毒死蜱〉乐果；有机磷农药的摩尔吸光系数与光解速率及敏化作用能力存在一定的相关性。光解产物的检测表明有机磷农药主要通过＾３Ｏ     

Changes in visibility with PM2.5 composition and relative humidity at a background site in the Pearl River Delta region

In fall–winter, 2007–2013, visibility and light scattering coefficients(b sp) were measured along with PM_(2.5)mass concentrations and chemical compositions at a background site in the Pearl River Delta(PRD) region. The daily average visibility increased significantly(p 0.01) at a rate of 1.1 km/year, yet its median stabilized at ~13 km. No haze days occurred when the 24-hr mean PM_(2.5)mass concentration was below 75 μg/m~3. By multiple linear regression on the chemical budget of particle scattering coefficient(b sp), we obtained site-specific mass scattering efficiency(MSE) values of 6.5 ± 0.2, 2.6 ± 0.3, 2.4 ± 0.7 and 7.3 ± 1.2 m2/g,respectively, for organic matter(OM), ammonium sulfate(AS), ammonium nitrate(AN) and sea salt(SS). The reconstructed light extinction coefficient(b ext) based on the Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments(IMPROVE) algorithm with our site-specific MSE revealed that OM, AS, AN, SS and light-absorbing carbon(LAC) on average contributed 45.9% ± 1.6%,25.6% ± 1.2%, 12.0% ± 0.7%, 11.2% ± 0.9% and 5.4% ± 0.3% to light extinction, respectively.Averaged b ext displayed a significant reduction rate of 14.1/Mm·year(p 0.05); this rate would be 82% higher if it were not counteracted by increasing relative humidity(RH) and hygroscopic growth factor(f(RH)) at rates of 2.5% and 0.16/year-1(p 0.01), respectively, during the fall–winter, 2007–2013. This growth of RH and f(RH) partly offsets the positive effects of lowered AS in improving visibility, and aggravated the negative effects of increasing AN to impair visibility.     

Modeling the probability of freeway lane-changing collision occurrence considering intervehicle interaction

Objective: To better capture the relationships between lane-changing collisions and explanatory variables, a microscopic model is developed for freeway lane-changing collisions based on the interactions between lane-changing vehicles.

Methods: The model applies an intervehicle interaction structure to account for the occurrence mechanism of lane-changing collisions. The occurrence mechanism can be described as the failure of a vehicle driver of an adjacent lane in avoiding the lane-changing vehicle, which disturbs the smooth movement of the adjacent lane vehicle and requires the driver's brake action to avoid an angle collision. This model is examined using data collected from freeways in Washington State during 2010 to 2011 and validated using lane-changing collision data for the SR 520 freeway.

Results: The findings of this study show that generalized truck percentage has a significant decreasing effect on lane-changing collision risk, whereas average spacing and several roadway characteristics have significant increasing effects. The frequency of slight collisions during peak hours is higher than that during off-peak hours. Young female drivers are more likely to be involved in collisions during lane-changing than young male drivers, but the result for senior drivers is opposite, with older male drivers having a higher probability of lane-changing collisions than female drivers in the same age group.

Conclusion: The process of lane-changing collisions is a complicated maneuver. Truck percentage, average spacing, and good roadway characteristics, such as straight and level segment, in the target lane have a significant effect on the occurrence of lane-changing collisions. Age and gender are also 2 important factors contributing to the relationship between lane-changing collisions and explanatory variables.     

东湖通道工程施工废水的理化特性与处置对策研究

为认识东湖通道施工废水的基本特性,以不受施工干扰的湖心水样为对照,对东湖通道施工过程中产生的生产、生活废水进行了分析.结果发现,通道施工废水的主要特征是悬浮颗粒物、营养物质、还原性物质等物质的含量高,水体呈碱性;其中,坑道废水悬浮颗粒物多、浊度高;桩机打桩废水悬浮颗粒物多、浊度高、营养物质含量高;搅拌施工废水氧化还原电位高、悬浮颗粒物含量高;材料堆放废水高锰酸盐指数高,生活污水浊度高、营养物质和水中油的含量高,粪大肠杆菌群超标.坑道废水、桩机打桩废水、搅拌施工废水和生活污水均为劣Ⅴ类,材料堆放废水符合Ⅳ类水标准.针对东湖通道施工废水的理化特性,鉴于国家5A级景区对水质的较高要求,建议在施工区构建临时沉淀池、小型氧化塘等设施开展原位污废水处置,确保达标排放,避免影响水生态环境.     

The Influence of Landscape Features on Road Development in a Loess Region,China

Many ecologists focus on the effects of roads on landscapes, yet few consider how landscapes affect road systems. In this study, therefore, we quantitatively evaluated how land cover, topography, and building density affected the length density, node density, spatial pattern, and location of roads in Dongzhi Yuan, a typical loess region in China. Landscape factors and roads were mapped using images from SPOT satellite (Système Probatoire d’Observation de la Terre), initiated by the French space agency and a digital elevation model (DEM). Detrended canonical correspondence analysis (DCCA), a useful ordination technique to explain species–environment relations in community ecology, was applied to evaluate the ways in which landscapes may influence roads. The results showed that both farmland area and building density were positively correlated with road variables, whereas gully density and the coefficient of variation (CV of DEM) showed negative correlations. The CV of DEM, farmland area, grassland area, and building density explained variation in node density, length density, and the spatial pattern of roads, whereas gully density and building density explained variation in variables representing road location. In addition, node density, rather than length density, was the primary road variable affected by landscape variables. The results showed that the DCCA was effective in explaining road–landscape relations. Understanding these relations can provide information for landscape managers and transportation planners.     

Does the GreenWatch program work? Evidence from a developed area in China

The GreenWatch program has been implemented nationally in China. However, whether the program and its process have been effective in improving firms' environmental performance remains unclear. Based on the stakeholder theory, this paper conducts a comparative analysis between firms participating in the program and those that do not, all of which are based in Changshu City in the developed part of Jiangsu Province, China. Data suggest that GreenWatch encourages firms to improve and disclose their environmental performance. Through pressures imposed by different stakeholders—from the government, investors, and consumers, to the public, such as the community and media—this program has become the main driving force for improving the firms' environmental performance. The current study also provides substantial evidence that public disclosure in China opens up channels for effective public participation. Therefore, the GreenWatch program deserves to be promoted in China.     

Effect of fertilizer and water content on N2O emission from three plantation soils in South China

Introduction Nitrousoxide(N2O)isoneofthemostimportantgreen housegases,whichcontributestoglobalwarmingand consumptionofO3inthestratosphere(Breuer,2000,Solomon,1999).N2Oconcentrationincreasesatarateof0.25%peryear,57%ofwhichisderivedfromthesoildue tonitrific…     

江汉平原小麦开花前降水分布特点及同期渍害的产量效应

江汉平原小麦生长期易受渍害导致减产。在系统分析1983~2012年江汉平原腹地荆州市小麦生育期降水分布特点的基础上,于2011~2012年度及2012~2013年度,以郑麦9023为试验材料,通过田间试验与盆栽试验相结合的方法,分别在拔节期及孕穗期进行渍水处理,探讨其对株高、旗叶光合速率、叶片黄化进程的影响及其与干物质积累量和籽粒产量的关系。结果表明：江汉平原1983~2013年小麦拔节期至孕穗期1/3以上年份同期降水量在802 mm以上,极限降雨量达1944 mm,即较多年份有渍害风险;进一步研究表明拔节期渍水和孕穗期渍水均导致旗叶光合速率降低,叶片黄化进程加快,其中孕穗期渍水对以上指标的影响大于拔节期;拔节期渍水和孕穗期渍水均导致株高降低、干物质积累量降低,最终籽粒产量显著降低,其中拔节期渍水处理成熟期籽粒产量比对照降低163%,孕穗期渍水处理籽粒产量比对照降低218%。在本试验条件下,拔节期渍水处理和孕穗期渍水处理均导致小麦植株各种光合指标降低,最终干物质积累量和籽粒产量均显著降低,且孕穗期渍水处理对产量等的影响大于拔节期渍水处理     

Modeling Nutrient Release in the Tai Lake Basin of China: Source Identification and Policy Implications

Because nutrient enrichment has become increasingly severe in the Tai Lake Basin of China, identifying sources and loads is crucial for watershed nutrient management. This paper develops an empirical framework to estimate nutrient release from five major sectors, which requires fewer input parameters and produces acceptable accuracy. Sectors included are industrial manufacturing, livestock breeding (industrial and family scale), crop agriculture, household consumption (urban and rural), and atmospheric deposition. Results show that in the basin (only the five sectors above), total nutrient loads of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) into aquatic systems in 2008 were 33043.2 tons N a^?1 and 5254.4 tons P a^?1, and annual area-specific nutrient loads were 1.94 tons N km^?2 and 0.31 tons P km^?2. Household consumption was the major sector having the greatest impact (46 % in N load, 47 % in P load), whereas atmospheric deposition (18 %) and crop agriculture (15 %) sectors represented other significant proportions of N load. The load estimates also indicate that 32 % of total P came from the livestock breeding sector, making it the second largest phosphorus contributor. According to the nutrient pollution sectors, six best management practices are selected for cost-effectiveness analysis, and feasible options are recommended. Overall, biogas digester construction on industrial-scale farms is proven the most cost-effective, whereas the building of rural decentralized facilities is the best alternative under extreme financial constraint. However, the reduction potential, average monetary cost, and other factors such as risk tolerance of policy makers should all be considered in the actual decision-making process.