2010-2013年我国柴油车黑碳排放状况分析

我国柴油车的快速增长给我国柴油车污染治理带来了极大的压力,柴油车黑碳排放的研究有益于对空气质量、人体健康和气候变化采取积极的措施。研究表明,从2010年到2013年,我国柴油车增长了23%,柴油类汽车保有量约增长了约43.3%;而我国柴油车的黑碳排放量出现先增后减的趋势,2013年我国柴油机动车的黑碳排放量约为33.33万吨,比2012年减少了2.8%;河南、河北、山东、广东和内蒙五个省(自治区)柴油机动车的黑碳排放约占全国黑碳排放的37.3%。研究结果初步显示了我国柴油车污染控制的效果。     

钙基磁性生物炭对Cr（VI）污染土壤钝化稳定化机制及微生物影响研究

生物炭改性材料因具有活性官能团众多、吸附效能高等优势被广泛应用于土壤重金属污染修复治理中.本研究以稻谷壳为原料,采用 共沉淀法及CaCO₃浸渍法制备了钙基磁性生物炭（Ca-Fe-B）,并使用电子扫描显微镜（SEM）、傅里叶红外光谱（FTIR）、X射线衍射分析（XRD）、X射线光电子能谱分析（XPS）进行表征.同时,通过梯度浓度Cr（VI）污染土壤实验考察Ca-Fe-B施入对土壤pH、Cr（VI）稳定化效果、土壤酶活性及微生物群落结构的影响,并阐述其钝化机理.结果表明：①Ca-Fe-B表面负载Fe₃O₄、γ-Fe₂O₃、Fe₃C及以方解石形式存在的CaCO₃,具有大量—OH、—O—C=O、Si—O—Si、C≡C及C≡N等官能团;②Ca-Fe-B可显著提升土壤pH,在Cr（VI）污染浓度为100、200、1000 mg·kg^-1时,90 d的 固定效率分别可达72.57%、67.07%及59.88%,并使土壤中部分可交换态Cr转化为可还原态及残渣态Cr;③Ca-Fe-B可促进土壤β-葡萄糖苷酶与几丁质酶酶活性,但磷酸酶对其响应不显著,也可显著提升土壤中Proteobacteria门菌相对丰度;④Ca-Fe-B表面形成Si—O—Ca—OH键可吸附Cr（VI）, Fe（Ⅱ）作为电子供体参与土壤Cr（VI）还原过程,并生成Cr₂O₃、Cr（OH）₃沉淀及（Cr_xFe_1-x）（OH）₃、Cr_xFe_1-xOOH络合沉淀,以—OH、 —C=C—、O—C=O为主的大量含氧官能团协同吸附络合土壤中的Cr（VI）.研究显示, Ca-Fe-B对Cr（VI）污染土壤具有良好的稳定性能,有望为土壤重金属污染修复提供一种新的研究思路和技术路线.     

裂片石莼和土霉素复合压力下弧菌群落及耐药基因变化特性研究

近年来,水产养殖病源弧菌污染及其耐药性问题备受关注,本研究首次采用宏基因组测序技术分析了海水养殖沉积物在大型海藻裂片石莼（12 g·L^-1）与不同浓度（0、10、100、500 μg·L^-1）土霉素作用3个月后,弧菌群落结构及其耐药基因变化特性.结果表明,经裂片石莼诱导培养后,沉积物中弧菌属相对丰度降低了0.22%,但对弧菌多样性和弧菌耐药基因含量提升明显.裂片石莼和土霉素复合压力下,100 μg·L^-1土霉素对弧菌群落多样性及弧菌耐药基因影响最大,而500 μg·L^-1对其影响最小.沉积物弧菌属共检测出21种耐药基因,多为BL1_fox、BL2be_per、BL2_veb等β-内酰胺类耐药基因.裂片石莼能减少耐药基因tetPB富集,而进一步添加土霉素能诱导产生VatB、BcrA耐药基因.此外,弧菌耐药基因迁移与转化还受弧菌群落结构变化影响.     

基于形态与in vitro方法的铬污染土壤生物可给性研究

铬（Cr）是电镀类场地的主要污染物.开展土壤中Cr（III）和Cr（VI）的生物可给性研究对于准确评估Cr污染场地风险,克服污染场地过度修复问题十分关键.本研究采集我国栗钙土、红壤、潮土3种典型土壤,通过添加相同浓度污染物的方式制备成Cr（III）或Cr（VI）污染土壤.随后利用5种体外方法（in vitro）,对3种土壤经口摄入的Cr生物可给性进行比较与健康风险评估.进而从土壤理化性质、Cr赋存形态、土壤矿物组成方面,对不同土壤在溶解度生物可给性研究联盟（SBRC）方法中的生物可给性差异进行分析.结果表明,基于生物可给性的Cr污染土壤健康风险评估能够显著降低风险水平,提高风险控制值,其中,SBRC方法在评估中更具有保守性.3种土壤在相同的Cr（III）和Cr（VI）污染浓度下,栗钙土相较于红壤和潮土在肠期具有更高的生物可给性和健康风险.此外,土壤黏粒、有机质含量及迁移系数能够影响土壤Cr的生物可给性,土壤矿物种类赋存不同也是造成Cr（III）和Cr（VI）在不同土壤中生物可给性差异的重要因素.     

低NOx环境异戊二烯促进甲苯生成甲基丁烯二醛的模拟实验

在低NO_x浓度条件下开展甲苯和异戊二烯复合体系的烟雾箱模拟实验,使用高时间分辨率的在线质子转移反应飞行时间质谱(PTR-TOF-MS)实时监测混合体系中反应物与产物的浓度变化情况,探究人为源与天然源交汇过程中, 自然源挥发性有机物 (BVOCs)对人为挥发性有机物(AVOCs)化学降解的影响.结果表明,异戊二烯与甲苯竞争OH自由基,从而抑制了甲苯的化学降解,该竞争反应开始得越早,抑制效果越显著.研究还发现异戊二烯会增强甲苯RO₂降解途径产物的产量,生成更多1,4不饱和-二羰基化合物(如丁烯二醛和甲基丁烯二醛)与二羰基化合物(如乙二醛和甲基乙二醛),其中甲基丁烯二醛增量最高可达38.6%.此外,异戊二烯快速氧化生成的RO₂自由基碳数更少,可能与甲苯氧化生成的RO₂自由基发生了快速的交叉反应,有利于甲苯RO自由基的生成及裂解,最终导致甲苯RO₂途径裂解产物的增加.     

A novel approach for VOC source apportionment combining characteristic factor and pattern recognition technology in a Chinese industrial area

Volatile organic compound (VOC) emission control and source apportionment in small-scale industrial areas have become key topics of air pollution control in China. This study proposed a novel characteristic factor and pattern recognition (CF-PR) model for VOC source apportionment based on the similarity of characteristic factors between sources and receptors. A simulation was carried out in a typical industrial area with the CF-PR model involving simulated receptor samples. Refined and accurate source profiles were constructed through in situ sampling and analysis, covering rubber, chemicals, coating, electronics, plastics, printing, incubation and medical treatment industries. Characteristic factors of n-undecane, styrene, o-xylene and propane were identified. The source apportionment simulation results indicated that the predicted contribution rate was basically consistent with the real contribution rate. Compared to traditional receptor models, this method achieves notable advantages in terms of refinement and timeliness at similar accuracy, which is more suitable for VOC source identification and apportionment in small-scale industrial areas.     

Source identification, contamination status and health risk assessment of heavy metals from road dusts in Dhaka, Bangladesh

In this study, concentrations of Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb were determined in road dusts collected from different locations in Dhaka to assess source, contamination status and health risk. Energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were used to determine Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb and their mean concentrations were 162.27 ± 29.46, 721.18 ± 180.14, 35.65 ± 12.55, 104.56 ± 128.33, 515.32 ± 321.90, BDL, and 342.82 ± 591.20 mg/kg, respectively. Among the heavy metals, highest concentrations of Cu, Zn and Pb were found at urban sites-7 (municipal waste dumping) and 8 (medical waste incineration). Highest concentration of Cr followed by Cu and Zn was found at site-5 (Tejgaon, urban). Principal component analysis revealed that anthropogenic activities are the potential sources for Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb while earth crust for Mn. Pollution index and pollution load index results suggested that all the sites were contaminated and/or degraded by Cr, Cu, Zn and Pb except sites-9 (urban), 10 (sub-urban), 11 (rural) while sites-7 and 8 (urban) were extremely degraded. For noncarcinogenic health risk, hazard quotient values for dermal were higher compared to that of inhalation/ingestion. Though hazard index values were less than 1 at all the sites, these were at least one order of magnitude higher for children group than that of adult group, thus the children group may face more noncarcinogenic health risk at sites-7 and 8. Values of incremental lifetime cancer risk were from 10⁻⁹ to 10⁻¹¹ showed no carcinogenic health risk by road dusts contaminated with the heavy metals.     

An integrative analysis of miRNA and mRNA expression in the brains of Alzheimer's disease transgenic mice after real-world PM2.5 exposure

Fine particulatematter (PM2.5) is associated with increased risks of Alzheimer’s disease (AD),yet the toxicologicalmechanisms of PM2.5 promoting AD remain unclear. In this study,wildtype and APP/PS1 transgenic mice (AD mice) were exposed to either filtered air (FA) or PM2.5 for eight weeks with a real-world exposure system in Taiyuan, China (mean PM2.5 concentration in the cage was 61 μg/m3). We found that PM2.5 exposure could remarkably aggravate AD mice’s ethological and brain ultrastructural damage, along with the elevation of the pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α), Aβ-42 and AChE levels and the decline of ChAT levels in the brains. Based on high-throughput sequencing results, some differentially expressed (DE) mRNAs and DE miRNAs in the brains of AD mice after PM2.5 exposure were screened.Using RT-qPCR, seven DEmiRNAs (mmu-miR-193b-5p, 122b-5p, 466h-3p, 10b-5p, 1895, 384–5p, and 6412) and six genes (Pcdhgb8, Unc13b, Robo3, Prph, Pter, and Tbata) were evidenced the and verified. Two miRNA-target gene pairs (miR-125b-Pcdhgb8 pair and miR-466h-3p-IL-17Rα/TGF-βR2/Aβ-42/AChE pairs) were demonstrated that they were more related to PM2.5-induced brain injury. Results of Gene Ontology (GO) pathways and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways predicted that synaptic and postsynaptic regulation, axon guidance, Wnt, MAPK, and mTOR pathways might be the possible regulatory mechanisms associated with pathological response. These revealed that PM2.5- elevated pro-inflammatory cytokine levels and PM2.5-altered neurotransmitter levels in AD mice could be the important causes of brain damage and proposed the promising miRNA andmRNA biomarkers and potentialmiRNA-mRNA interaction networks of PM2.5-promoted AD.     

基于遥感数据估算近地面PM2.5浓度的研究进展

卫星反演的气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)具有广泛的空间覆盖度和相对较高的时空分辨率. 基于AOD与PM_2.5的相关关系来估算PM_2.5浓度已成为监测近地面PM_2.5的有效途径,其估算结果较可靠,能够为治理PM_2.5污染提供数据基础和科学依据. 从反演AOD数据集和PM_2.5浓度估算模型2个方面进行梳理归纳,从卫星轨道运行类型角度分析各类传感器的产品特征,并对缺失AOD的插补方法进行分类评价;对PM_2.5浓度的估算模型进行比较分析,指出不同模型的优缺点和适应性. 结果表明:①各类卫星传感器均具有特定功能及优缺点,其中地球同步轨道(GEO)卫星的快速发展,使其在估算PM_2.5浓度的应用上越来越广泛. ②插补后的AOD比AOD初始产品具有更连续的时空分布和更高的准确性,基于模型的多变量估算不仅可以实现数据的全面覆盖,还可以获得更好的估算精度. ③组合模型成为估算PM_2.5浓度的重要方法,机器学习模型的加入能够有效提高PM_2.5浓度的估算精度. 研究显示,利用AOD估算近地面PM_2.5浓度不仅弥补了地面PM_2.5监测的空间不连续性,更有助于解析PM_2.5浓度的时空分布特征及污染来源.      

陶粒窑协同处置电镀污泥试验中Zn、Cr的迁移特性

为了合理处置固体废物 , 利用陶粒回转窑进行了协同处置固体废物试验,分析了Zn和Cr的分布规律和固化机理,并对Zn和Cr的环境风险进行评估. 结果表明:在陶粒窑协同处置电镀污泥系统中,89.70%的Zn和89.32%的Cr被固定在陶粒中,10.30%的Zn和10.68%的Cr富集在飞灰中,飞灰中Zn和Cr的含量较高,但飞灰参与陶粒窑系统内循环;热力学平衡计算表明,在陶粒中,Zn主要以ZnCr₂O₄、ZnO、ZnFe₂O₄等形态存在,Cr主要以Cr₂O₃和铬尖晶石等形态存在. 成品陶粒中Zn和Cr的浸出浓度远低于GB 5085.3—2007《危险废物鉴别标准浸出毒性标准》标准限值,说明ZnCr₂O₄、ZnO、Cr₂O₃和铬尖晶石等物质结构稳定,重金属Zn和Cr在陶粒中实现了良好的固化. 研究显示,绝大部分的Zn和Cr被固定在陶粒中,并且陶粒中重金属的浸出浓度低于标准限值,因此利用陶粒窑协同处置高重金属含量的电镀污泥安全可行.