不同起始数量对赤潮异弯藻和东海原甲藻种间竞争的影响

通过共培养的方法,研究了不同起始数量对赤潮异弯藻和东海原甲藻之间种间竞争的影响.结果表明:不同的接种数量对赤潮异弯藻和东海原甲藻种群竞争关系有明显的影响.在3种不同的接种比例下,赤潮异弯藻在与东海原甲藻的生长竞争中始终占优势,对东海原甲藻的生长存在抑制作用,且随着起始数量的提高,其种群竞争生长的优势愈加明显,对东海原甲藻生长的抑制作用愈加显著.东海原甲藻仅在较高的起始数量(处理I,H:P=1:4)下,对赤潮异弯藻的生长才表现出一定的抑制作用,处理Ⅱ和处理Ⅲ(H:P=1:1和H:P=4:1)对赤潮异弯藻的生长均无影响.     

生活污水的厌氧生物处理研究进展

生活污水处理是中国面临急待解决的环境问题。分析厌氧反应器的分类与特点及去污机理,与其它污水处理技术比较,总结出生活污水采用厌氧生物法处理具有投资少、运行费用低、出水水质好、操作简单等优点。对厌氧反应器在生活污水处理的应用前景进行了展望。     

澳大利亚地方政府开展环保教育的做法及特点

以获得2004年澳大利亚国家奖励的地方政府有关项目为典型,对澳大利亚地方政府如何进行环保宣传教育进行分析。澳大利亚地方政府重视并积极开展环保教育,教育对象有儿童、学生、政府机构和社区以及企业各行各业的人群,内容有环保知识、技能和情报信息等,教育宣传方式、渠道及组织形式多样,并发动多方参与、广泛合作,为推进环保和可持续发展奠定了基础。     

Occurrence and distribution of organochlorine pesticides - lindane, p,p'-DDT, and heptachlor epoxide - in surface water of China

Persistent organochlorine pesticides pollutants (OCPs) have been reported to occur at relatively high concentrations in some Chinese waters. In order to map the distribution of organochlorine pesticides in the surface water throughout China, samples were collected from over 600 sites in seven major river basins and three main internal rivers drainage areas during 2003 and 2004. The surface water samples were analyzed for the representative organochlorine pesticides contaminants including lindane (gamma-HCH), p,p'-DDT and heptachlor epoxide. In general, the most frequently detected compound was lindane, being detected in 83.9% of samples (mean=31.3 ng/l; range <0.17-860 ng/l), and the highest concentration was present in the Yellow River basin. p,p'-DDT was detected in 63.1% of the samples collected (mean=14.6 ng/l; range <0.14-368 ng/l) with the highest concentration present in the Huaihe River basin. Heptachlor epoxide was detected in only 9.3% of water samples (range <0.11-10 ng/l). Measured concentrations for the three compounds were low and rarely exceed the environment quality standard for surface water of China. Lindane was more frequently detected at much higher concentrations in the rivers of northern China compared with those of southern China. The sites with higher concentration of lindane and p,p'-DDT mainly occurred in the Yellow River and Huaihe River basins, so the results of this investigation indicate that the organochlorine pesticide contamination of Yellow River and Huaihe River basins should be of particular concern relative to the other basins. When compared with other regions of the world, it appears that the Chinese surface water is moderately polluted by lindane and p,p'-DDT.     

基于河流健康的辽河干流生态调度分期研究

河流健康受水文条件、人类活动干扰等因素影响存在季节性特点。作为以维护河流健康为目标的生态调度,在四季变化明显的北方地区也应具有分时期的特性。以辽河干流为研究区域,以月为单位对其河流健康进行评价,探讨河流健康的年内变化规律。研究表明辽河干流河流健康状况存在明显的分期特性,不同时期健康状况差异较大。基于上述特点,提出以分期生态调度的方式来改善河流健康,并划分出封冻期、汛前枯水期、汛期、汛后枯水期4个时期。同时确定出封冻期的最小生态需水、枯水期的河流自净需水、汛期的输沙需水的需水要求。最后耦合出辽河干流生态流量过程并与Tennant法比较,表明该流量过程符合天然的径流节律,能更好地维护河流健康     

长江宜宾江段渔业资源现状调查

于2011年5～7月和10月在长江干流宜宾江段进行了鱼类资源调查。共采集到鱼类62种（亚种）,隶属于4目10科40属,其中19种为长江上游特有鱼类。圆口铜鱼（Coreius guichenoti）、瓦氏黄颡鱼（Pelteobagrus vachelli）、鲫（Carassius auratus）、长薄鳅（Leptobotia elongate）、中华沙鳅（Botia superciliaris）、南方鲇（Silurus meridionalis）、铜鱼（Coreius heterodon）、鲢（Hypophthalmichthys molitrix）、鲇（Silurus asotus）等为宜宾江段优势种。对主要经济种的体长体重数据进行了分析,结果表明渔获规格较历史数据下降明显,单船日捕捞量亦有减少,长江宜宾段的渔业资源呈现衰退的趋势。作为向家坝蓄水前最后一次对宜宾江段的鱼类群落结构进行分析,研究结果可以为分析向家坝水库蓄水对长江上游鱼类的影响提供数据参考     

汉江中游河谷平原植被指数时空变化及其与沙化土地动态的关联关系

针对沙化土地广泛分布的汉江中游河谷平原区,采用MODIS EVI数据分析2003~2011年区域植被状态时空变化,并据此探讨沙化土地的动态特征。利用时序植被指数统计分析,探讨研究区植被的总体变化规律;分析不同缓冲区植被指数的空间分布格局,反映了区域环境状况的空间差异以及由此而可能产生的土地利用格局的变化;并基于不同距离缓冲区的EVI时空差异对比分析,探讨沙化土地动态与植被变化的关联关系。研究表明,近9 a来汉江中游河谷平原区EVI呈明显上升趋势;随着离河流距离的逐渐增加,每千米范围内各年的年均EVI值均表现出先增大后减小的空间特征,并在距河3 km区域处EVI值达到最大;而EVI的时空差异,则体现了沙化土地的空间分布与动态特征     

Scientific Basis and Technological Path of Regional Strategic Environmental Assessment

Abstract

The study tries to set up a system to extract strategic environmental assessment (SEA) in exploitation of regional development based on the present situation of environmental assessment in China. First, the article summarizes the emphasis and deficiency of international academic community’s SEA research in the past 10 years. Based on this, the article puts forward the concept and evaluation principles of regional strategic environmental assessment (RSEA). Then the article expounds the necessity of carrying out RSEA. After that, the article discusses in detail the process of RSEA, which includes defining evaluation scope, describing regional background, combing strategic behavior, designing development scenarios, predicting the pressure on environment, assessing environmental impact, screening alternatives and proposing regulation and control schemes.     

农村黑臭水体沉积物细菌群落结构特征

沉积物微生物是农村黑臭水体物质循环和有机物降解等过程的主要驱动者,其群落结构组成常因外界环境的微小变化而变化.以菏泽市东明县29个农村黑臭水体为研究对象,测定农村黑臭水体上覆水和沉积物氮、磷及重金属等污染物指标,结合Illumina测序结果,分析农村黑臭水体沉积物细菌群落组成和多样性特征及其与环境因子的相关性.结果表明,该区域农村黑臭水体上覆水和沉积物中污染物分布范围均较广.与农业面源相比,以农村生活污水为主要污染来源的农村黑臭水体上覆水中氮、磷污染物浓度更高,分别是农业面源的3.1倍和1.5倍.此外,该区域农村黑臭水体沉积物中重金属含量处于较低水平,普遍低于菏泽市土壤元素背景值.该区域农村黑臭水体沉积物细菌群落的优势菌门为变形菌门、放线菌门、绿弯菌门、厚壁菌门和酸杆菌门,这5种优势菌门的序列总和占全部序列的70.3%～83.6%.γ-变形菌纲、α-变形菌纲、厌氧绳菌纲和放线菌纲是沉积物细菌群落的优势菌纲;硫杆菌属和假节杆菌属是其优势菌属.Spearman相关性分析结果表明,环境因子中DO、 COD、 TN、 TP和有机质对农村黑臭水体沉积物细菌菌属有显著影响(P<0.05),沉...