高含固污泥厌氧消化中蛋白质转化规律

采用剩余污泥在含固率(total solid,TS)为12%条件下进行中温(37℃)厌氧消化,通过分析厌氧消化前后污泥蛋白质组分的变化情况,研究了高含固污泥厌氧消化中蛋白质的转化规律,探讨了高含固条件下污泥蛋白质转化效率较低的原因.结果表明,经过45 d的厌氧消化处理,污泥蛋白质的转化率为34.26%.污泥蛋白质转化效率较低的原因主要表现在:(1)高含固条件下污泥的传质较差;同时,污泥蛋白质经水解过程形成大量的氨氮,反应结束后污泥总氨氮(total ammonia nitrogen,TAN)质量浓度达到1 201 mg·L~(-1),导致对厌氧消化过程,尤其对蛋白质的分解表现出一定的抑制作用;(2)三维荧光光谱(three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy,3D-EEM)分析表明,部分蛋白质向腐殖质类、富里酸类物质转化,从而更难分解;(3)通过二维电泳(two-dimensional electrophoresis,2-DE)-质谱(mass spectrometry,MS)分析发现,厌氧消化后污泥蛋白质的相对分子质量和等电点(isoelectric point,p I)降低;最终,污泥中残留的大部分蛋白质来源于微生物体内.由于微生物代谢能力随着厌氧消化过程的进行而减弱,难以继续利用这些蛋白质,或消化体系中不具备分解这些蛋白质的酶,从而限制了污泥中蛋白质的分解效率.     

Low-carbon transition of iron and steel industry in China: Carbon intensity, economic growth and policy intervention

As the biggest iron and steel producer in the world and one of the highest CO₂ emission sectors, China's iron and steel industry is undergoing a low-carbon transition accompanied by remarkable technological progress and investment adjustment, in response to the macroeconomic climate and policy intervention. Many drivers of the CO₂ emissions of the iron and steel industry have been explored, but the relationships between CO₂ abatement, investment and technological expenditure, and their connections with the economic growth and governmental policies in China, have not been conjointly and empirically examined. We proposed a concise conceptual model and an econometric model to investigate this crucial question. The results of regression, Granger causality test and impulse response analysis indicated that technological expenditure can significantly reduce CO₂ emissions, and that investment expansion showed a negative impact on CO₂ emission reduction. It was also argued with empirical evidence that a good economic situation favored CO₂ abatement in China's iron and steel industry, while achieving CO₂ emission reduction in this industrial sector did not necessarily threaten economic growth. This shed light on the dispute over balancing emission cutting and economic growth. Regarding the policy aspects, the year 2000 was found to be an important turning point for policy evolution and the development of the iron and steel industry in China. The subsequent command and control policies had a significant, positive effect on CO₂ abatement.     

小溪港浮游植物群落特征及水质评价

2012—2013年于春、夏、秋、冬四季对小溪港进行4次水环境质量调查,利用种类组成、种群数量、优势种、Shannon-Weiner多样性指数和SI(污生指数)等指标分析小溪港浮游植物群落特征,并对小溪港水环境质量状况进行评价. 结果表明:小溪港浮游植物共8门51种,其中绿藻门的种类数最多,共26种,占总种数的50.98%;其次为硅藻门,共9种,占17.65%;蓝藻门5种,占9.80%. 浮游植物数量年均值为184.16×104 L-1,主要为蓝藻门、绿藻门和硅藻门;峰值出现在夏季,为292.43×104 L-1,之后为春、秋和冬季. 小溪港的优势种共4门7种,分别为蓝藻门的微囊藻(Microcystis spp.),绿藻门的星芒衣藻(Chlamydomonas stellata)、丝藻(Planctonema sp.)、小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris),硅藻门的小环藻(Cyclotella spp.),隐藻门的啮蚀隐藻(Cryptomonas erosa)、尖尾蓝隐藻(Chroomonas acuta). Shannon-Weiner多样性指数、Margalef丰富度指数和Pielou均匀度指数均显示出明显的季节变化规律,其年均值分别为1.81、1.55、0.51;SI年均值为2.44. 总体上,小溪港水质污染状况为中污染.      

黑河中下游防风固沙功能时空变化及影响因子分析

黑河中下游是我国重要的防风固沙生态功能区,分析该区域的防风固沙功能时空变化,明确其主要的影响因子贡献,对于指导荒漠化防治、维护流域生态安全十分重要.该研究基于修正风蚀方程(revised wind erosion equation,RWEQ)、一元线性回归斜率分析、灰色关联分析和GIS技术,分析了2000—2017年黑河中下游防风固沙功能动态变化及其影响因子.结果表明:①2000—2017年,黑河中下游年均防风固沙量为3.2×109 t,年均防风固沙功能约为2.44×104 t/km2;防风固沙量总体呈增强趋势,年均增加6.67×107 t,年均变化率为1.85%.②区域防风固沙功能呈现中游较强,向下游递减的空间分布特征,防风固沙功能较高区约占研究区面积的31.54%,一般区占20.77%,较低区(北部荒漠区)占47.69%;甘肃省张掖市和嘉峪关市防风固沙功能呈增加趋势,回归方程系数(slope)为0~26.29%,占总面积的12.51%;额济纳旗东北部和甘肃省高台县中部防风固沙功能呈下降趋势,回归方程系数为-17.17%~0,占总面积的23.30%.③防风固沙功能主要影响因子中,风力因子最主要,贡献率为30.04%,其次为积雪覆盖、土壤湿度、植被覆盖,贡献率分别为24.57%、24.26%和21.13%.研究显示,防风固沙工程应综合考虑气候变化、植被覆盖、土壤特性及人类活动的复合影响,实行具有空间差异化的方案.      

基于形态滤波遗传算法对目标红外图像特征检测

将形态滤波和自适应遗传算法结合起来,提出了一个用于目标检测的形态滤波器参数优化遗传算法。通过设计了形态滤波的遗传算法,寻求最佳结构元,以实现对目标的自适应检测。作为2个特殊环境中的应用检测实例,分别对固体推进器尾喷焰红外图像和复杂背景下的弱小目标进行检测。实验结果表明该方法能够更好地适应环境变化,更大程度地提高目标信号检测的信号噪声（SNR）比,有效地检测出复杂背景下的目标。     

除草剂百草枯对蓝藻和绿藻的毒性

为评估除草剂百草枯对藻类生态系统的环境毒害效应,测定了百草枯对4株蓝藻:铜绿微囊藻(M.aeruginosa XW01,M.aeruginosa 7806)、平裂藻(Merismopedia sp.)、集胞藻(Synechocystis PCC 6803),以及两株绿藻:蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)和绿球藻(Chlorococcum sp.472)的毒害效应,采用半效抑制浓度EC5o值、无观察效应浓度(NOEC)、最低观察效应浓度(LOEC)及慢性值(ChV)评价了百草枯对6株藻的毒性.结果表明:蓝藻对百草枯的敏感性显著大于绿藻,蛋白核小球藻的96 h-EC50值是铜绿微囊藻XW01的96 h-EC50值的7.4倍.百草枯毒害作用具有时间效应,暴露时间越长,毒害作用越强.     

温和预氧化提高后续生物修复石油污染土壤

为得到一种能促进后期生物阶段高效降解石油烃(TPH)的温和Fenton预氧化方式,本文考察了不同Fenton预氧化过程中羟基自由基(·OH)特征、后续生物修复过程中营养消耗、土著菌活性(CO_2)以及TPH去除量的差异,结果表明,温和Fenton预氧化组(·OH存在时间:73 h;双氧水浓度:225 mmol·L~(-1))中·OH存在时间短H_2O_2用量少,残余细菌活性高,后续对石油的生物降解率高,不加菌就能够达到与加菌相同的修复效果(TPH去除率38%左右).且在不加菌的条件下,后期生物阶段TPH去除率,温和预氧化组(38%)要高于普通预氧化组(15. 32%～33. 15%).进一步分析各链烃的去除效果,发现在后续生物修复阶段,温和预氧化组能减少对链烃组分(C17～C21)的抑制;而对比各组的土著菌活性,发现温和预氧化可以适当刺激土著微生物生长并提高其活性,这些因素均有利于TPH的去除.温和预氧化在后期生物修复阶段对TPH的去除不加菌就能够达到与加菌相同的处理效果,是一种低成本可行的修复方式.     

Microbial reduction of uranium (VI) by Bacillus sp. dwc-2: A macroscopic and spectroscopic study

The microbial reduction of U(VI) by Bacillus sp. dwc-2, isolated from soil in Southwest China, was explored using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy (XANES). Our studies indicated that approximately 16.0% of U(VI) at an initial concentration of 100 mg/L uranium nitrate could be reduced by Bacillus sp. dwc-2 at pH 8.2 under anaerobic conditions at room temperature. Additionally, natural organic matter (NOM) played an important role in enhancing the bioreduction of U(VI) by Bacillus sp. dwc-2. XPS results demonstrated that the uranium presented mixed valence states (U(VI) and U(IV)) after bioreduction, which was subsequently confirmed by XANES. Furthermore, the TEM and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) analysis suggested that the reduced uranium was bioaccumulated mainly within the cell and as a crystalline structure on the cell wall. These observations implied that the reduction of uranium may have a significant effect on its fate in the soil environment in which these bacterial strains occur.     

活性炭物化性质对吸附天然水体中有机污染物的影响

研究了天然水体条件下2种合成有机污染物(SOC)甲基对硫磷(MP)和三氯乙烯(TCE)以及天然有机物(NOM)在5种粉末活性炭(PAC)上的吸附特性.在对活性炭的物化特性进行全面表征的基础上,利用相关分析方法揭示了PAC的物理和化学性质对天然水体中SOC类小分子有机污染物吸附的影响;并利用高效体积排阻色谱法(HPSEC...     

有机固体废弃物堆肥的腐熟度参数及指标

腐熟度参数及其指标是评价堆肥过程及堆肥产品质量的重要尺度,本文综述了关于腐熟度的表观分析法、化学分析法、波谱分析法及植物生长分析法等４类评价方法和各种腐熟度参数及指标。