中国低碳发展的国际比较研究——基于历史和经济发展阶段的审视

随着近年来我国碳排放总量的增加,一些西方国家开始把碳减排责任的矛头指向中国。为了明确中国碳排放的国际地位,运用历史唯物主义观点,从经济发展阶段视角进行了国际比较研究。首先运用IEA2011年公布的碳排放数据分析了我国2009年面临的碳排放形势,继而研究了工业革命以来中国碳排放的总体贡献情况,最后从经济发展阶段视角进行了国际比较研究。认为:①尽管我国当前的碳排放总量巨大,但人均碳排放量低于世界前10名的主要碳排放国家,碳排放强度与世界主要碳排放国家相比还存在一定差距;②我国的历史累计碳排放贡献及人均碳排放均较低,发达国家和地区的累计碳排放量达到世界累计碳排放量的近3/4;③与发达国家相同经济发展阶段相比,我国的人均碳排放和碳排放强度远低于主要发达国家和地区;④世界主要发达国家和地区在快速推进工业化的经济发展阶段普遍伴随着高碳排放。鉴于此,我们认为应该辩证地看待中国的碳排放,一方面中国当前的确产生了较大的碳排放,另一方面中国的经济发展阶段决定了这种碳排放规模和水平。发达国家的经济发展轨迹和碳足迹也表明,在工业化快速推进的过程中,一定程度的高碳排放是世界经济发展的客观规律。     

基于CGE模型的环境灾害经济影响评估——以湖南雪灾为例

环境灾害(比如,气象灾害、荒漠化等)不仅仅造成直接损失(比如,厂房、设备破坏和粮食欠收等),而且会导致经济系统产业链中断,进而影响到区域经济的正常运行。本文以2008年南方雨雪冰冻灾害为例,基于CGE模型,评估交通中断对湖南省的间接经济影响。为刻画灾害冲击,CGE模型的改进包括:为反映灾害的区域性,将全国CGE模型降尺度为区域模型;为反映灾后应急情景,选择资本市场宏观闭合规则为资本在部门之间不流动;为反映货物周转量变化,在生产模块增加效率参数;为反映旅客周转量变化,选择劳动力宏观闭合规则为新古典闭合。研究表明:①对于重大环境灾害,间接经济损失甚至比直接损失大;②2008年雪灾引起的湖南省交通瘫痪,造成的间接经济损失为50.4亿元(以增加值表示),约占湖南省前两个月GDP的3%;③值得注意,由于产业之间相互关联,简单叠加各产业单独破坏造成的经济损失,往往夸大整个行业同时破坏造成的经济损失。     

Degradation of Phenolic Resin by Tremetes versicolor

A phenolic resin that is used as syntan in leather manufacturing was degraded using Tremetes versicolor. On degradation of this resin for eight days, the reduction in biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total organic carbon (TOC) were 65.11, 76.66 and 72.94% respectively. It was found from the infra red (IR) spectra of the samples that up to seven days the aromaticity was not perturbed however there were reductions in BOD and COD. Addition of co-substrate starch, brought about reduction in BOD, COD and TOC by 85.36, 91.93 and 89.98% respectively. After eight days, there observed a disturbance in the aromatic ring. The enzyme was extracted and assayed for polyphenol oxidase and laccase. Polyphenol oxidase activity and laccase activity of the crude enzyme were found to be 31.4 and 1.67 U/mL. On ammonium sulfate precipitation and dialysis, the polyphenol oxidase activity and laccase activity were enhanced by 1.5- and 3.2-folds respectively.     

Synthesis of Soy-Polyol by Two Step Continuous Route and Development of Soy-Based Polyurethane Foam

Soy-polyol has been synthesized via a low energy two-step continuous route thus avoiding intermediate steps and chemicals. The functional groups of soy-polyol thus produced were identified by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy which confirmed the cleavage of the double bonds, the formation of new epoxy linkages and the presence of hydroxyl groups. The change in chemical structure and physical properties of the soy polyol was further characterized and the results indicated a successful conversion with reduced unsaturation, increased hydroxyl number and increased viscosity. Polyurethane foam was prepared from soy-polyol using isocyanate and thermogravimetric analysis was used to study its thermal decomposition behaviour. Multiple transitions were identified in relation to depolymerization and bond dissociation. Density and compressive strength of the soy-foam were found to be satisfactory. An investigation of microstructure of soy foam by scanning electron microscope and X-ray computed tomography revealed the internal cell morphology and cell structure.     

Potassium Release Kinetics and Water Retention of Controlled-Release Fertilizers Based on Chitosan Hydrogels

Controlled release fertilizer (CRF) hydrogels were prepared from poly(vinyl alcohol), poly(vinyl alcohol)/chitosan and chitosan using glutaraldehyde as a crosslinker. Intermolecular interactions of the CRF hydrogels were elucidated using FTIR. Water absorbency characteristics of the CRF hydrogels were also studied. It was found that the CRF hydrogels exhibited the equilibrium swelling ratio (SR) in the range 70–300%. The water retention of soil containing the CRF hydrogels was also examined. It was found that the CRF hydrogels increased the water retention of the soil. After 30 days, soil containing the PVA-, PVA/CS- and CS-hydrogels showed the water retention capacities of 25%, 10% and 4%, respectively. While the soil without the CRF hydrogel had already given off most of the water. The release behavior of potassium from the CRF hydrogels, both in deionized water and in soil, was investigated. In soil, the potassium release mechanism from the PVA- and PVA/CS-hydrogels were non-Fickian diffusion. On the other hand, the CS hydrogel showed, n value that was close to 1.0 corresponding to case II transport. In deionized water, all the CRF hydrogels showed small values of release exponent (n < 0.5) indicating a quasi-Fickian diffusion mechanism.     

Properties of alkali-activated systems with stone powder sludge

This article investigates the effects of stone powder sludge on the microstructure and strength development of alkali-activated fly ash and blast furnace slag mixes. Stone powder sludge produced from a crushed aggregate factory was used to replace fly ash and granulated blast furnace slag at replacement ratios of 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% by mass. The unit weight and compressive strength of the samples were measured, and scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses were performed. The test results indicated that the compressive strength of alkali-activated blast furnace slag mixes using stone powder sludge was higher than that of the alkali-activated blast furnace slag control mix, but the compressive strength of alkali-activated fly ash mixes decreased with increasing replacement ratio of stone powder sludge. Microscopy results indicated that for alkaliactivated blast furnace slag samples, broken surfaces were more evident than for the alkali-activated fly ash samples. For all XRD diagrams, broad and diffuse peaks were observed around 2θ = 35° (d = 2.96–3.03 Å), implying amorphous or short-ordering structure phases.     

发展循环经济 推进重化工集聚城区改造升级

青山区作为全国著名的钢铁基地和老工业区,在推进钢铁、石化、环保等优势产业发展的同时,突破环境、资源限制"瓶颈",以理念创新、体制创新、机制创新和科技创新为动力,坚持规划引领,加强政府引导,突出企业主体,强化项目支撑,鼓励全民参与,全方位启动循环经济试点工作,推动了地区发展方式的转变和区域产业结构优化,为探索我国重化工聚集区走新型工业化道路提供借鉴。     

餐饮潲水油水解生产混合酸工艺

探讨了潲水油水解生产混合酸工艺。直接用水作催化剂,适应成分复杂的餐饮潲水油,污水处理简单。从酸析、水洗、压力、温度、水解等几方面进行研究,得出最佳水解工艺条件,具有推广意义。     

大港油田苦咸再生水反渗透工艺自动控制研究

分析了大港油田污水回用深度处理工程苦咸再生水反渗透工艺仪表配置及自动控制方式,介绍了苦咸再生水反渗透系统亟待解决的各类问题。着重论述了仪表设置、余氯控制、结垢污堵控制、微生物污堵控制的实际运行方式,探讨了苦咸再生水反渗透工艺的技术可行性和可靠性。     

MTBF保证试验技术方法分析与探讨

介绍了美军使用的MTBF保证试验法,并对进行MTBF保证试验的机理和经保证试验后使用方的风险进行了分析,认为保证试验在很短时间内验证长时间的MTBF值,却非加速试验。指出MTBF保证试验后,使用方风险比可靠性鉴定试验要小,并用具体试验方案举例说明其有效性,说明了MTBF保证试验可在工程上应用。