2008年奥运期间华北区域大气污染物本底浓度变化与分析

为了解华北区域的大气背景状况,评估污染源限排对区域空气质量的影响以及污染物输送在区域污染中的作用,在2008年奥运期间(6～11月),对华北区域兴隆大气本底监测站主要污染物NOx、SO2、O3和PM2.5进行了连续在线观测,对不同时间段的污染物的浓度水平和日变化特征进行了比较分析,结合地面气象资料和后向轨迹模式初步探讨了污染物的区域传输过程,并对区域不同站点的污染情况进行了初步比较.结果显示,2008年夏季兴隆本底站NOx、SO2、O3与PM2.5平均浓度分别为8.4、10.5、126.0和59.8μg·m-3,秋季平均浓度分别为11.7、17.2、97.5和30.7μg·m-3.奥运时段(2008-08-08～2008-08-24),兴隆NOx、SO2、O3和PM2.5平均浓度分别为6.6、6.8、100.5和33.3μg·m-3,较奥运时段前后平均浓度分别降低了29.0%、46.9%、18.6%和36.5%,与2007年奥运时段同期观测结果相比,NOx浓度下降了62.5%,PM2.5浓度下降了29.0%,奥运时段华北区域空气质量明显改善.在污染物限排之前,兴隆主要污染物的日变化形势都是夜间浓度低,白天浓度不断升高,在傍晚17:00～20:00之间达到峰值,显示了污染物区域输送在兴隆的累积,而污染源排放控制期间污染物白天的积累过程明显减弱,区域输送的污染物含量降低,这些结果表明北京及周边地区污染源的联合控制取得了明显效果.兴隆夏秋季节主要受偏南方向的季风影响,在此方向上对应的污染物浓度值最高,偏南方向上的区域污染输送对兴隆影响较大.将京津冀区域不同站点间的污染物浓度进行比较分析发现,华北区域夏秋季NOx和SO2污染较轻,O3污染不容乐观,PM2.5污染严重,需要引起足够重视.     

夏秋季石家庄大气污染变化特征观测研究

研究了石家庄夏秋季节大气污染状况及2008奥运前后大气污染物浓度变化特征.2007和2008年夏秋季节,使用全自动在线观测仪器对石家庄大气环境质量进行连续监测,目的是阐明奥运期间石家庄污染物减排对当地大气环境的改变,探讨石家庄地区产生的大气污染物对北京及周边地区可能的影响.结果表明,除了氮氧化物,其他污染物均有超标情况出现,其中夏秋季节O3浓度较高,小时最大浓度值平均(O3-Max)分别为(177.2±63.0)和(105.8±61.7)μg·m-3,NO和NO2在夏秋季节的浓度分别为(4.5±4.0)、(32.7±12.4)μg·m-3和(21.5±16.9)、(60.5±16.9)μg·m-3,SO2浓度分别为(72.0±27.5)和(92.0±44.4)μg·m-3,PM2.5和PM10浓度达到(102.3±47.6)、(153.3±58.3)μg·m-3和(95.8±50.0)、(147.4±67.0)μg·m-3;奥运期间各类污染物浓度显著下降,NOx、O3-Max、SO2、PM2.5和PM10浓度分别为(43.8±15.0)、(142.0±54.9)、(52.4±18.8)、(76.7±35.1)和(116.5±38.8)μg·m-3,其中SO2、PM2.5和PM10分别较2008年监测期间平均值降低34.6%、22.8%和21.0%.本研究系统分析了夏秋季节石家庄大气污染状况,为评估当地大气污染控制措施提供了科学依据.     

水钠锰矿的Mn（Ⅲ）分布及Na4P2O7溶液处理对其铅吸附性能的影响

以深入理解水钠锰矿结构中低价锰离子的含量及分布对其铅吸附性能的影响为目的,通过不同pH（pH为2、4、5）的焦磷酸钠溶液络合浸提酸性水钠锰矿结构中的Mn（Ⅱ）和Mn（Ⅲ）,研究了浸提锰离子的形态、含量、矿物的锰平均氧化度和Pb2＋的吸附量及其伴随Mn2＋、H＋释放量的变化.结果表明,锰平均氧化度为3.670的酸性水钠锰...     

Factors affecting the direct mineralization of CO2 with olivine

Olivine, one of the most abundant minerals existing in nature, is explored as a CO2 carbonation agent for direct carbonation of CO2 in flue gas. Olivine based CO2 capture is thermodynamically favorable and can form a stable carbonate for long-term storage. Experimental results have shown that water vapor plays an important role in improving CO2 carbonation rate and capacities. Other operation conditions including reaction temperature, initial CO2 concentration, residence time corresponding to the flow rate of CO2 gas stream, and water vapor concentration also considerably affect the performance of the technology.     

Roles of manganese oxides in degradation of phenol under UV-Vis irradiation: Adsorption, oxidation, and photocatalysis

The effect of crystal structure on photocatalytic activities of manganese oxides and underlying reaction mechanism were investigated.     

Long-term joint effect of nutrients and temperature increase on algal growth in Lake Taihu, China

To study how global warming and eutrophication affect water ecosystems, a multiplicative growth Monod model, modified by incorporating the Arrhenius equation, was applied to Lake Taihu to quantitatively study the relationships between algal biomass and both nutrients and temperature using long-term data. To qualitatively assess which factor was a limitation of the improved model, temperature variables were calculated using annual mean air temperature (AT), water temperature (WT), and their average temperature (ST), while substrate variables were calculated using annual mean total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and their weighted aggregate (R), respectively. The nine fitted curves showed that TN and AT were two important factors influencing algal growth; AT limited growth as algal photosynthesis is mainly carried out near the water surface; N leakage of phytoplankton and internal phosphorus load from sediment explains why TN was the best predictor of peak biomass using the Monod model. The fitted results suggest that annual mean algal biomass increased by 0.145 times when annual mean AT increased by 1.0℃. Results also showed that the more eutrophic the lake, the greater the effect AT had on algal growth. Subsequently, the long-term joint effect of annual temperature increase and eutrophication to water ecosystems can be quantitatively assessed and predicted.     

光温条件和pH对浮萍生长及磷吸收的影响

试验以长江三角洲地区常见的稀脉浮萍和少根紫萍为研究对象.在Hoagland's E-Medium营养液进行实验室模拟培养的基础上,研究了光温条件以及pH对两种浮萍生长和磷去除能力的影响.结果表明,在1500-6000 1x光照强度范围内,光照越强,两种浮萍的生长和磷去除能力越强;在10-35℃温度范围内,两种浮萍生长和...     

紫外线与消毒剂联合作用于黄浦江源水的研究

针对黄浦江源水砂滤出水,进行了紫外线单独作用的研究,同时对于紫外线与消毒剂联合消毒时消毒剂的投加方式对灭菌作用和消毒副产物的影响进行了研究。实验结果表明:当紫外线剂量达到42 mJ/cm2时出水水质已达到了生活饮用水卫生标准中对细菌总数和大肠杆菌数的要求,且在相同紫外剂量下,高强度时对细菌的灭活效果要好于低强度时的效果;先紫外消毒后消毒剂消毒对于微生物具有很好的杀灭作用,但是不能减少消毒副产物的产生;紫外线和消毒剂同时作用对于微生物的杀灭作用不佳,但是出水的消毒剂余量高,消毒副产物量少,这样有利于出水的安全稳定性;先消毒剂消毒再紫外消毒,发现对于消毒副产物没有多大的降解作用,更浪费了高的紫外剂量。     

焦作市高新区冬季大气不同粒径颗粒物质量特征分析

用大流量冲击式分级采样器采集大气颗粒物样品,通过重量法求出不同粒径颗粒物的质量,研究不同粒径颗粒物的质量百分比.分析不同粒径颗粒物与风速、温度、湿度等气象条件的变化规律.结果表明:各级颗粒物整体与温度和风速呈负相关性,与湿度呈正相关性,且粒径小于2.1 μm的颗粒物与湿度相关性最大.大气颗粒物主要集中在2.1 μm以下...     

Beyond hypoxia：Occurrence and characteristics of black blooms due to the decomposition of the submerged plant Potamogeton crispus in a shallow lake

Organic matter-induced black blooms(hypoxia and an offensive odor) are a serious ecosystem disasters that have occurred in some large eutrophic shallow lakes in China. In this study, we investigated two separate black blooms that were induced by Potamogeton crispus in Lake Taihu, China. The main physical and chemical characteristics, including color- and odor-related substances, of the black blooms were analyzed. The black blooms were characterized by low dissolved oxygen concentration(close to 0 mg/L), low oxidation-reduction potential, and relatively low pH of overlying water. Notably higher Fe2+and∑S2-were found in the black-bloom waters than in waters not affected by black blooms. The black color of the water may be attributable to the high concentration of these elements, as black FeS was considered to be the main substance causing the black color of blooms in freshwater lakes. Volatile organic sulfur compounds, including dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl disulfide, and dimethyl trisulfide, were very abundant in the black-bloom waters. The massive anoxic degradation of dead Potamogeton crispus plants released dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl disulfide, and dimethyl trisulfide, which were the main odor-causing compounds in the black blooms. The black blooms also induced an increase in ammonium nitrogen and soluble reactive phosphorus levels in the overlying waters. This extreme phenomenon not only heavily influenced the original lake ecosystem but also greatly changed the cycling of Fe, S, and nutrients in the water column.