铬渣的热解无害化处理

采用热解工艺无害化处理铬渣,探讨了稻秆在铬渣无害化处理中的作用.研究了热解温度、稻秆与铬渣质量比、铬渣粒径及保温时间对铬渣热解无害化处理的影响,并分析了热解前后热解产物中铬元素形态的变化.结果表明,热解工艺能有效地将铬渣中Cr(Ⅵ)还原,稻秆热解过程中产生的气相挥发分对Cr(Ⅵ)的还原起核心作用.较为适宜的热解条件:热解温度为400 ℃,稻秆与铬渣质量比为0.10,铬渣粒径<2 000 μm,保温时间为10 min.在该热解条件处理下,热解产物中的Cr(Ⅵ)质量浓度为121 mg/kg,低于热解前铬渣中的Cr(Ⅵ)(3 400 mg/kg).热解后,可交换态及碳酸盐结合态铬含量降低,大部分铬转化成了稳定的有机结合态和残渣态,极大地降低了铬渣的危害.第一作者:张大磊,男,1982生,博士研究生,研究方向为固体废弃物热处理.     

Pollution characteristics of 23 veterinary antibiotics in livestock manure and manure-amended soils in Jiangsu province,China

The aim of this study was to investigate the pollution characteristics of typical veterinary antibiotics in manure and soil of livestock farms in Jiangsu province. This investigation employed solid-phase extraction (SPE) coupled with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). A total of 53 manure and 50 amended soil samples from 16 livestock farms in Jiangsu province were collected for analysis. In the manure samples, the highest detected frequencies and concentrations were those of tetracyclines (TCs, 54.1 ± 5775.6 μgkg^?1), followed by fluoroquinolones (FQs, 8.4 ± 435.6 μgkg^?1), sulphonamides (SAs, 3.2 ± 5.2 μgkg^?1) and macrolides (MACs, 0.4 ± 110.5 μgkg^?1). Statistical analysis was used to illuminate the pollution characteristics of 23 veterinary antibiotics for various animal types and different regions in Jiangsu province. The results showed that the pollution level in cow manure was relatively lower compared with pig and chicken manure due to the relative restriction of medication. Furthermore, contamination was serious in amended soil from chicken farms. The pollution level in manure among different regions was higher to the south and north compared with the centre of the region. The same outcome was found for soil. Antibiotic residues in organic fertilizer were also investigated in this study. We found that although the detected concentration was lower in organic fertilizer than in fresh manure, detection frequencies (10–90%) were high, especially for roxithromycin (90%) in MACs (30–90%). This finding suggests attention should be paid to the pollution levels in organic fertilizer. This study is the first extensive investigation of the occurrence and distribution of many kinds of typical veterinary antibiotics in manure and soil from livestock farms of Jiangsu province. This investigation systematically assesses veterinary antibiotics usage and related emissions in southeast China.     

上海与伦敦城市绿地的生态功能及管理对策比较研究

在资料收集及实地采样调查的基础上 ,文章对上海与伦敦城市绿地的生态功能及管理对策进行了比较分析 ,指出了上海城市绿地建设及管理中的一些优点及不足之处。     

羊角月芽藻摄取磷形态的动力学研究

将湖水中的磷分成总溶解磷,溶解反应磷,总反应磷、溶解的水解性磷,溶解的光解性磷。研究其在羊角月芽过程中的变化。     

薄荷新品种在云南的发展前景

本文介绍了云南引种薄荷新品种的情况,分析了国内外薄荷市场的现状和前景,提出了加速云南薄荷新品种的产业化设想。     

3,4-二氯苯胺与取代芳烃联合毒性的定量构效关系研究

采用细菌生长抑制实验测定了取代芳烃及其混合物对长江水中混合细菌的急性毒性,得到17种单一化合物的半数抑制浓度(IC50)及22组混合物的半数抑制浓度(IC50mix).采用毒性单位法和混合毒性指数法对联合毒性效应进行了定性评价,3,4-二氯苯胺与胺类化合物的联合效应以简单相加或部分相加作用为主,而3,4-二氯苯胺与酚类化合物的联合效应则多表现为协同作用.以化合物的辛醇/水分配系数(lgP)和分子最低空轨道能(ELUMO)为结构描述符,分别建立了单一毒性和联合毒性的定量构效关系(QSAR)模型.所得模型对极性麻醉型化合物和反应性化合物的毒性都具有较强的预测能力,不仅能预测3,4-二氯苯胺与取代芳烃不同配比的二元混合物的联合毒性,也能预测三元和四元混合物的联合毒性.     

贵阳市城区路侧土壤重金属分布特征及污染评价

研究了贵阳市城区各交通干线两侧表层土壤中重金属的质量分数、空间分布特征及其影响因素.以基线作为参比值,采用地积累指数法对其污染程度进行评价.结果表明:各交通干道两侧土壤中重金属质量分数存在显著差异,除Pb和Cr外,其余重金属质量分数均高于中国表层土壤重金属元素背景值和贵阳市表层土壤重金属元素基线值. 整体上,贵阳市路侧土壤尚未受到Pb和Cr的污染,其w(Hg),w(Cd)和w(Zn)已达中度污染甚至强污染水平,同时各路段也受到了不同程度的As,Cu和Ni污染,但并不严重. 据调查,路侧土壤中重金属质量分数及其分布格局主要受到燃煤、交通运输、地形及路况、气象因素以及城市建设等的影响.      

Concentrations and chemical forms of potentially toxic metals in road-deposited sediments from different zones of Hangzhou, China

The 25 road-deposited sediments were collected from five different land-use zones (industrial, residential, commercial, park, and countryside) in Hangzhou, China. The concentrations of metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in these samples were determined using the ICP-AES after digestion with the mixture of HNO3-HF-HCl (aqua regia), and chemically fractionated using the modified BCR (the European Community Bureau of Reference) sequential extraction procedure. The highest metal concentration level was detected in the sample from industrial zone and commercial zone having heavy traffic. While the lowest metal level was noted in the street dust sample from residential zone, park, and countryside zone. The mobility sequence based on the sum of the BCR sequential extraction stages was: Zn (80.28%), Pb (78.68%), Cd (77.66%) ＞ Cu (73.34%) ＞ Mn (67.92%) ＞ Co (41.66%) ＞ Ni (30.36%) ＞ Cr (21.56%), Fe (20.86%). Correlation analysis and principal component analysis were applied to the data matrix to evaluate the analytical results and to identify the possible pollution sources of metals. Factor analysis showed that these areas were mainly contaminated by three sources, namely lithology, traffic, and industry.     

长三角重点行业大气污染物排放及控制对策

研究重点分析了长江三角洲地区电力和水泥行业的大气污染物排放特征,并结合相关行业统计数据和污染物排放因子,对2004年这两个重点行业的大气污染物排放量进行了估算。结论如下:长三角地区火电行业2004年SO2、烟尘、NOX和燃煤大气汞排放量分别为149.2×104t、21.1×104t、87.6×104t和13.7t。2004年江、浙、沪三地水泥行业共排放工艺粉尘76.2×104t,其中PM10为70.1×104t、PM2.5为45.9×104t,气态污染物SO2、NOX、CO和氟化物排放量分别为12.4×104t、49.5×104t、247.9×104t和7.4×104t。并对长三角地区电力和水泥行业的污染控制问题提出一些相关举措。     

成都经济区土壤中HCH和DDT含量及其分布特点

通过对成都经济区土壤中HCH各异构体、DDT及其衍生物的含量及分布特点研究,得出成都经济区土壤中HCH和DDT都有较高的检出率,含量变化幅度也很大,含量较高点主要分布在化工厂附近。对比其他地区研究结果,成都经济区HCH含量较低,DDT含量较高。以西藏地区作为背景值,HCH有一定的污染,DDT污染较为严重。