水平循环荷载下大直径单桩承载变形特性有限元分析∗

大直径单桩基础是近海风电产业常用的基础型式,研究大直径单桩在风、浪、流等水平循环荷载作用下的承载变形特性意义重大.基于ABAQUS软件平台,通过建立桩土相互作用的三维有限元模型,对已有的大直径单桩离心模型试验开展数值模拟.数值计算时采用一个循环弹塑性本构模型描述桩侧土体的循环应力应变响应,通过.调用该模型的UMAT子程序,设置适当的桩土接触条件、分析步及计算参数,建立了能够追踪水平循环荷载下砂土中大直径单桩位移时程的有限元分析方法.通过与已有离心模型试验结果的对比发现,建立的有限元方法可以描述砂土中大直径单桩在水平单调及循环荷载下的变形过程,反映循环荷载位移曲线的非线性、滞回性及位移累积特性,预测随循环荷载次数增加,桩身弯矩、位移等的分布特征及演化规律.     

BP神经网络在安全评价中的应用

为解决传统经验法在安全评价中人为因素影响和量化难的问题.引入人工智能神经网络,从而减少人为因素影响,使定量分析成为可能.神经网络通过对原始数据的学习,调整网络参数,实现对预评价对象的定量评价,为企业制定安全策略提供科学的依据.     

海底悬跨管道表面双裂纹数值分析

为了研究海底油气管道多个裂纹间相互作用对管道产生的影响,针对海底悬跨管道表面双裂纹的相互作用,采用有限元方法建立双环向表面裂纹模型,采用围道积分法求解双裂纹下的应力强度因子,研究了不同边界条件下,不同尺寸裂纹间的相互影响规律,并对比了单裂纹下应力强度因子的变化情况。研究结果表明:不同尺寸的裂纹对双裂纹的相互影响规律有一定影响,且双裂纹应力强度因子最大值均出现在裂纹最深点处;弹簧边界下双裂纹相互影响规律与简单边界下相互影响规律明显不同;不同边界条件对悬跨管道双裂纹应力强度因子的影响较大。研究结果可为海底悬跨管道的失效分析提供参考依据。     

Characteristics and origins of air pollutants in Wuhan,China, based on observations and hybrid receptor models

To identify the characteristics of air pollutants and factors attributing to the formation of haze in Wuhan, this study analyzed the hourly observations of air pollutants (PM_2.5, PM₁₀, NO₂, SO₂, O₃, and CO) from March 1, 2013, to February 28, 2014, and used hybrid receptor models for a case study. The results showed that the annual average concentrations for PM_2.5, PM₁₀, NO₂, SO₂, O₃, and CO during the whole period were 89.6 μg m^?3, 134.9 μg m^?3, 54.9 μg m^?3, 32.4 μg m^?3, 62.3 μg m^?3, and 1.1 mg m^?3, respectively. The monthly variations revealed that the peak values of PM_2.5, PM₁₀, NO₂, SO₂, and CO occurred in December because of increased local emissions and severe weather conditions, while the lowest values occurred in July mainly due to larger precipitation. The maximum O₃ concentrations occurred in warm seasons from May to August, which may be partly due to the high temperature and solar radiation. Diurnal analysis showed that hourly PM_2.5, PM₁₀, NO₂, and CO concentrations had two ascending stages accompanying by the two traffic peaks. However, the O₃ concentration variations were different with the highest concentration in the afternoon. A case study utilizing hybrid receptor models showed the significant impact of regional transport on the haze formation in Wuhan and revealed that the mainly potential polluted sources were located in the north and south of Wuhan, such as Baoding and Handan in Hebei province, and Changsha in Hunan province. Implications: Wuhan city requires a 5% reduction of the annual mean of PM_2.5 concentration by the end of 2017. In order to accomplish this goal, Wuhan has adopted some measures to improve its air quality. This work has determined the main pollution sources that affect the formation of haze in Wuhan by transport. We showed that apart from the local emissions, north and south of Wuhan were the potential sources contributing to the high PM_2.5 concentrations in Wuhan, such as Baoding and Handan in Hebei province, Zhumadian and Jiaozuo in Henan province, and Changsha and Zhuzhou in Hunan province.     

水环境质量评价的可视化系统研究

以河南省安阳市境内3条水系为例,提出了实现水环境质量评价的计算机图形可视化的技术路线和系统设计方案。深入探讨了实现河流水系的动态控制和交互处理的可能性。通过形象直观的计算机动态图形画面,再现了河流水质的现在和将来。      

民航机组人员个体与组织匹配对安全绩效的影响——基于MOA模型的定性比较分析

人为因素成为当今航空飞行安全的最大隐患,针对人的安全科学管理至关重要.为进一步探索民航机组人员安全行为路径,寻求可能的行为管理切入点,将民航机组人员作为研究对象,以MOA模型(动机-机会-能力)为理论框架,应用模糊集定性比较分析方法,探究民航机组人员个体与组织两个层面的5个条件对员工安全绩效差异的多重并发复杂机制和因果...     

循环式生物滤池处理城市地表径流的性能研究

对以木片为填料的塔式生物滤池配置循环装置,将其应用于处理城市地表径流污染.通过设置不同的循环次数,比较了循环操作对滤池性能的影响.研究结果表明:该循环式生物滤池在处理径流过程中存在适应驯化期,不同的污染物质其适应驯化时间不同.COD所需驯化时间最长,适应期内总入水水量达到装置空隙体积的8.5倍;NO3--N和TP适应期相当,总入水水量约为空隙体积的7.2倍;TSS与TN所需的时间最短,总入水水量约为空隙体积的5.3倍.该循环式生物滤池对TSS、COD、NH4+-N、NO3--N、TN和TP的平均去除效率分别为86.2％、24.3％、11.1％、85.9％、37.7％和45.7％.循环操作对生物滤池的性能影响研究表明,TSS、NH4+-N与TP的去除随循环次数的增加而增加,TN与NO3--N的去除未明显影响.由于循环过程中部分有机质从木片中析出,使得有机物质(COD)的去除随循环次数的增加而降低.     

Data quality evaluation and calibration of on-road remote sensing systems based on exhaust plumes

In recent years, with rapid increases in the number of vehicles in China, the contribution of vehicle exhaust emissions to air pollution has become increasingly prominent. To achieve the precise control of emissions, on-road remote sensing (RS) technology has been developed and applied for law enforcement and supervision. However, data quality is still an existing issue affecting the development and application of RS. In this study, the RS data from a cross-road RS system used at a single site (from 2012 to 2015) were collected, the data screening process was reviewed, the issues with data quality were summarized, a new method of data screening and calibration was proposed, and the effectiveness of the improved data quality control methods was finally evaluated. The results showed that this method reduces the skewness and kurtosis of the data distribution by up to nearly 67%, which restores the actual characteristics of exhaust diffusion and is conducive to the identification of actual clean and high-emission vehicles. The annual variability of emission factors of nitric oxide decreases by 60% – on average – eliminating the annual drift of fleet emissions and improving data reliability.     

基于微生物完整性指数的苏州市湿地健康评价

为建立在不同区域和不同湿地等大尺度范围内M-IBI（微生物生物完整性指数）评价方法体系,以苏州市15个湿地公园作为研究对象,构建符合区域性特征的生物完整性评价体系并进行应用研究.分别于2015年、2016年和2017年每年的7月对苏州市15个湿地公园的入流口和出流口水质进行采样调查,将采样点分为对照点、受损点和修复点,基于湿地水环境中微生物群落Illumina高通量测序技术,依据候选指标分布范围检验、敏感性分析和相关性检验,筛选出香农指数、前2优势分类单元相对丰度（相对丰度最多的2个属）总和、高温耐受属相对丰度、污染耐受属相对丰度、TN（总氮）敏感属相对丰度5个指标,提出了参数标准化公式和健康评价标准,依此将苏州市湿地健康状态划分为健康、亚健康、一般、较差、差5个等级.结果表明:①在10个受损点3 a所采集的30个样品中,有2个处于较差水平,有5个处于一般水平,有18个处于亚健康水平,有5个处于健康水平;而对于修复点,有23个样点处于健康水平,7个样点处于亚健康水平.②在农业面源污染较多的湿地入流口健康状况最差,工业用水汇入较多的湿地入流口次之,而城市景观水汇入的湿地入流口的健康状况最好.研究显示,M-IBI可以较合理地评价苏州市湿地生态系统健康状况,湿地对水环境的修复作用明显,经修复后的水体均处于健康或亚健康水平.      

CeO2-ZrO2固溶体在催化湿式空气氧化苯酚废水中的作用

采用共沉淀法制备了CuO/ZnO/Ce O_2、CuO/ZnO/ZrO_2和CuO/ZnO/Ce O_2-Zr O_2催化湿式空气氧化苯酚废水催化剂,并采用N_2吸附-脱附、X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、程序升温还原(TPR)、N_2O滴定和电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱等手段对催化剂进行了表征.结果表明,CuO/ZnO/Ce O_2-Zr O_2催化剂表现出最佳的催化性能.在200℃、2 MPa空气、苯酚初始浓度500 mg·L~(-1)的条件下,COD去除率为96.5%.XRD表明Ce O_2-Zr O_2复合氧化物载体以Ce_xZr_(1-x)O_2固溶体形式存在,增加了催化材料的储放氧能力.XPS表明Ce~(3+)和Ce~(4+)在催化剂表面共同存在,协调了氧化还原过程.TPR表明催化剂的还原性对催化剂的氧化活性起到至关重要的影响.由于CuO/ZnO/Ce O_2-Zr O_2催化剂活性组分和载体间的强相互作用,处理后的水样未发现金属离子,进而有效的提高了催化剂的稳定性和避免了对水样的二次污染.