High-altitude and long-range transport of aerosols causing regional severe haze during extreme dust storms explains why afforestation does not prevent storms

Environmental Chemistry Letters - Climate change is predicted to induce more extreme events such as storms, heat waves, drought and floods. Dust storms are frequently occurring in northern China....     

Characteristics and origins of air pollutants in Wuhan,China, based on observations and hybrid receptor models

To identify the characteristics of air pollutants and factors attributing to the formation of haze in Wuhan, this study analyzed the hourly observations of air pollutants (PM_2.5, PM₁₀, NO₂, SO₂, O₃, and CO) from March 1, 2013, to February 28, 2014, and used hybrid receptor models for a case study. The results showed that the annual average concentrations for PM_2.5, PM₁₀, NO₂, SO₂, O₃, and CO during the whole period were 89.6 μg m^?3, 134.9 μg m^?3, 54.9 μg m^?3, 32.4 μg m^?3, 62.3 μg m^?3, and 1.1 mg m^?3, respectively. The monthly variations revealed that the peak values of PM_2.5, PM₁₀, NO₂, SO₂, and CO occurred in December because of increased local emissions and severe weather conditions, while the lowest values occurred in July mainly due to larger precipitation. The maximum O₃ concentrations occurred in warm seasons from May to August, which may be partly due to the high temperature and solar radiation. Diurnal analysis showed that hourly PM_2.5, PM₁₀, NO₂, and CO concentrations had two ascending stages accompanying by the two traffic peaks. However, the O₃ concentration variations were different with the highest concentration in the afternoon. A case study utilizing hybrid receptor models showed the significant impact of regional transport on the haze formation in Wuhan and revealed that the mainly potential polluted sources were located in the north and south of Wuhan, such as Baoding and Handan in Hebei province, and Changsha in Hunan province. Implications: Wuhan city requires a 5% reduction of the annual mean of PM_2.5 concentration by the end of 2017. In order to accomplish this goal, Wuhan has adopted some measures to improve its air quality. This work has determined the main pollution sources that affect the formation of haze in Wuhan by transport. We showed that apart from the local emissions, north and south of Wuhan were the potential sources contributing to the high PM_2.5 concentrations in Wuhan, such as Baoding and Handan in Hebei province, Zhumadian and Jiaozuo in Henan province, and Changsha and Zhuzhou in Hunan province.     

封套封存环境温湿度变化规律试验研究

选取一种CPE改性PVC封套,对其在典型地区环境下的内部环境温湿度变化规律进行了试验研究.结果表明该封套可以满足弹药等装备物资防潮封存需要,由于封存空间相对密闭,环境温度变化对封存环境相对湿度影响较大,温湿度交变效应是装备封存中必须考虑的重要因素.     

云爆剂贮存化学稳定性的研究

对以硝酸异丙酯为主体的云爆剂进行了3年的贮存试验和高、低温加速试验;检测了云爆剂中的硝酸异丙酯的纯度、水分含量、酸值和表观密度,用红外光光谱法分析了硝酸异丙酯的结构;研究了云爆剂的性能变化规律.试验检测结果表明:常温下云爆剂有较好的化学稳定性;高温下云爆剂的颜色变深、酸值升高;云爆剂与密封油脂和丁腈橡胶的相容性较差.     

UV/H_2O_2、UV/O_3和O_3体系中自由基产生效率的比较研究

以水杨酸(Salicylic Acid,SA)为模型探针分子,采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)研究了UV/H2O2、UV/O3和O3等高级氧化工艺的羟基自由基(·OH)产生效率。实验结果表明,在SA初始浓度40mg/L,反应时间10min,氧化剂投加量2mmol/L的条件下,2,5-DHBA和2,3-DHBA为水杨酸与·OH反应的主要中间产物。三种高级氧化工艺中,UV/H2O2体系具有最高的羟基自由基(·OH)产生效率。     

掺铈的铜锰钴复合氧化物催化剂对甲苯催化燃烧的性能研究

研究了铜锰钴复合氧化物上掺铈对甲苯完全氧化反应性能的影响。结果表明掺铈的铜锰钴复合氧化物催化剂的催化效果比铜锰、钴锰和钴铜双组分催化剂的催化效果好。以气相色谱为检测手段,用常压气体流动评价装置考察了这四类催化剂对甲苯的温度和空速特性,并对Cu-Mn-Co-Ce-O型催化剂进行了X射线衍射波谱(XRD)表征和BET测量,分析了该催化剂的晶体结构。     

洱海流域城镇化对农村生活污水排放量的影响

为揭示城镇化对流域内农村生活污水排放量的影响程度,以洱海流域为研究对象,采用综合指标评价法,选取城镇人口所占比例、农民年人均纯收入、农村水冲厕普及率及建成区面积4项指标,从人口、经济、社会生活方式、空间4个维度建立洱海流域城镇化综合评价体系,综合评价了流域城镇化水平,并采用相关分析法和多元回归分析法研究洱海流域城镇化4项指标对流域农村生活污水排放量的影响. 结果表明:2006—2012年,洱海流域的城镇化水平不断提高,大理市城镇化综合水平领先于洱源县. 大理市农村生活污水的排放量与城镇人口所占比例相关关系不明显,相关系数为0.246;与农民年人均纯收入、农村水冲厕普及率和建成区面积呈显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.951、0.980、0.969;洱源县农村生活污水的排放量与这4项指标的相关性较大理市明显,相关系数分别为0.754、0.973、0.998、0.975. 4项指标对大理市农村生活污水排放量的影响权重为农村水冲厕普及率>农民年人均纯收入>建成区面积>城镇人口所占比例,对洱源县农村生活污水排放量的影响权重为农村水冲厕普及率>城镇人口所占比例>建成区面积>农民年人均纯收入. 研究显示,在现有城镇化水平下,对洱海流域农村生活污水排放量最主要的影响因素为农村水冲厕的普及率,社会生活方式城镇化对洱海流域农村生活污水排量的影响最突出.      

太湖风生流水动力时空差异特征研究

为研究太湖的流场结构,更好实施引清调水方案改善太湖水质。在确定太湖四季主导风向及其平均风速的基础上,采用有限体积Godunov型通量差分裂(FDS)格式构建太湖水动力模型,并得到了实测流场的良好验证。并进一步研究各季节各湖区的流动规律,确定太湖风生流水动力时空差异特征。结果表明:太湖风生流流态特征主要与风向、风速有关;不同季节平均流速由大到小分别为:冬季、春季、秋季、夏季;从不同的湖区看,湖岸区最大、湖湾区次之、湖心区最小。由此可选择冬季、湖岸区实施调水方案改善太湖水质。     

土壤添加不同粘土矿物对微囊藻毒素在生菜中生物富集的影响

土壤-作物系统中微囊藻毒素的生物富集会对人类健康造成潜在威胁.本研究通过生菜（Lactuca sativa L.var.ramosa Hort.）种植实验比较了土壤添加不同比例的3种粘土矿物（凹凸棒石、蒙脱石和沸石）对微囊藻毒素-LR（microcystin-LR,MC-LR）生物富集的影响,分析含10 μg·L^-1 MC-LR溶液灌溉土壤50 d后,不同处理的MC-LR在生菜中累积量及土壤中的有效态含量和总含量.结果表明,3种粘土矿物能够不同程度有效减少MC-LR在生菜根系和叶片中的富集.5%的凹凸棒石和蒙脱石处理的生菜叶片中MC-LR含量分别较空白处理降低53.0%和52.3%,使得摄入量降低到WHO组织要求的日允许摄入限量范围.添加粘土矿物显著降低了土壤中MC-LR有效态含量.相关分析发现,生菜根系和叶片中MC-LR的含量与土壤MC-LR有效态含量均呈显著正相关.实验结果为蓝藻污染地区削减微囊藻毒素的作物富集提供了科学依据.     

棉铃虫灾害的长期性及性信息素的减灾控害作用

简要分析了我国棉铃虫灾害的长期性,并较全面地介绍了性信息素在减灾控害中的作用。这些作用可分为：帮助识别对象害虫、监测种群状态、迅速普及虫情信息、直接诱杀雄虫以及提前1周开展减灾行动等。直接诱杀雄虫后,引起雌雄比上升,雌蛾产卵量下降,孵化率降低,幼虫及为害量减少,其中幼虫量一般减少20％－50％。根据在新疆、山东等地的试用经验,作者在首次指出性信息帮助识别害虫和迅速普及虫情信息对减灾的关键作用,并讨论了性信息素的干扰交配和诱杀雌虫的可能作用,以及使用性信息素与农业可持续发展的关系。