江苏阳澄湖螺类群落的空间分布格局

2008年1月～2009年10月对江苏阳澄湖螺类群落结构进行了季节调查研究。共采集到螺类4科5属6种,优势种为铜锈环棱螺,次优种为长角涵螺。阳澄湖螺类平均密度为220±47 ind./m2,平均生物量为2331±469 g/m2,螺类密度和生物量在年际和季节间均无明显差异,但群落结构存在显著的空间变化,密度在东湖区和中华绒螯蟹围网养殖区较大、西湖区最小,生物量围网养殖区最高、西湖区最低;铜锈环棱螺密度围网养殖区最高、西湖区最低,长角涵螺密度东湖区最高、围网养殖区次之、入湖河流及其它湖区极低。中华绒螯蟹养殖未导致围网养殖区螺类数量下降,螺类（主要是铜锈环棱螺）的投放可能是该区螺类密度、生物量及铜锈环棱螺所占比例较高的主要原因之一。逐步回归分析表明,水深是影响螺类群落整体密度和生物量空间分布差异的主要因子;典型对应分析（CCA）表明,铜锈环棱螺主要分布在叶绿素a较高的水域,而长角涵螺和纹沼螺则主要分布在透明度较大的地方     

XAFS study of starch-stabilized magnetite nanoparticles and surface speciation of arsenate

It has been shown that starch can effectively stabilize nanoscale magnetite particles, and starch-stabilized magnetite nanoparticles (SMNP) are promising for in situ remediation of arsenic-contaminated soils. However, a molecular level understanding has been lacking. Here, we carried out XAFS studies to bridge this knowledge gap. Fe K-edge XAFS spectra indicated that the Fe-O and Fe-Fe coordination numbers of SMNP were lower than those for bare magnetite particles, and these coordination numbers decreased with increasing starch concentration. The decrease in the average coordination number at elevated stabilizer concentration was attributed to the increase in the surface-to-volume ratio. Arsenic K-edge XAFS spectra indicated that adsorbed arsenate on SMNP consisted primarily of binuclear bidentate (BB) complexes and monodentate mononuclear (MM) complexes. More BB complexes (energetically more favorable) were observed at higher starch concentrations, indicating that SMNP not only offered greater adsorption surface area, but also stronger adsorption affinity toward arsenate.     

微波-过氧乙酸联合作用处理剩余污泥的研究

采用微波-过氧乙酸(PAA)联合作用处理剩余污泥,考察了微波辐照时间、微波功率、PAA投加量对剩余污泥分解效果的影响.同时以单独微波作用为对比,考察了微波-PAA联合作用下剩余污泥性质的变化.结果表明,当微波功率为600 W,PAA投加量为0.24 g/g(以干质量SS计)时,微波辐照60 s后剩余污泥分解率可达35%...     

低温等离子体氧化水中难降解有机物研究

实验将介质阻挡放电与电晕放电组合在同一个反应器内,实验废水为直接大红染料溶液,将高压电极上通人50 Hz交流高压电,介质阻挡放电系统的电极间距为30 mm、电晕放电系统电极间距为25 mm、电源电压20 kV,利用常压空气中形成的雾化水电极介质阻挡放电/电晕放电低温等离子体及其活性基团作用于难降解有机物分子.实验分析了...     

有机化纳米粘土基絮凝吸附材料对马铃薯淀粉加工废水的资源化处理

采用物理化学提纯方法制备了有机化纳米粘土基絮凝吸附材料,经过以聚乙二醇2000(PEG-2000)、十六烷基三甲基溴化氨(CTAB)、四丁基氢氧化铵(TBAOH,质量分数25％)和溴化四苯基磷(TPPB)4种表面活性剂对絮凝吸附材料进行有机化修饰,并将其应用于马铃薯淀粉加工废水的资源化处理.实验结果表明,有机化纳米粘土...     

高密度电法在原位修复土壤过程中的监控研究

采用高密度电阻率成像法（ERT）对上海市某有机污染场地土壤污染原地修复进行研究，通过持续监测药剂注入前后电阻率的改变来推断药剂和污染物的扩散路径。结果表明，药剂扩散的影响半径介于2 m～4 m之间；其影响深度根据注药点和土壤渗透性差异而有所不同，在16 m处注药的影响深度大于监测深度20 m，ERT技术在监控原位注入修复过程中具有较好的可行性和适用性。     

Preparation of biochar catalyst with saccharide and lignocellulose residues of corncob degradation for corncob hydrolysis into furfural

This paper presented a novel process for production of furfural by hydrothermal degradation of corncob over biochar catalyst, in which it was prepared with the recycling degradation solution and lignocellulosic solid residues. The biochar catalyst was papered by lignocellulose residues and concentrated saccharide solution, and then impregnated in 0.5 mol/L sulphuric acid at room temperature for 24 h assisted by the ultrasonic vibration. In the system of recycling, 8.8 % lignocellulose residues and 100 % concentrated saccharide solution from corncob hydrolysis have been recycled. Hydrolysis of corncob was carried out at 180 °C for duration of 170 min over the biochar catalyst. The experimental results have shown that the furfural yield of up to 37.75 % and overall corncob conversion rate of 62.00 % could be achieved under optimum operating conditions for the catalysts preparation and the corncob hydrolysis. It is believed that the acid density of 4.27 mmol/g of biochar catalyst makes the SO₃H groups cleave β-1,4 glycosidic linkages effectively and hydrolyze the cellulose and hemicellulose to water-soluble sugars, as well as to facilitate dehydration of xylose to give the product of furfural.     

温度对17α-乙炔雌二醇在SBR工艺中去除效果的影响

17a-乙炔雌二醇(EE2)属于人工合成雌激素,是活性较强的环境内分泌干扰物之一.在污水处理厂中,EE2主要是通过活性污泥的生物降解作用得以去除.影响活性污泥对EE2生物降解的因素很多,温度是影响因素之一.分别采用一级缺氧/好氧(A/O)模式和三级缺氧/好氧(A/O/A/O/A/O)模式运行的SBR工艺.考察了温度对EE2去除的影响.试验发现,随着温度的升高,EE2在水相和泥相中的去除率明显增加,其中在30℃时EE2去除率达到最大,2种运行模式下水相中EE2去除率均达到了96%以上;泥相是EE2生物降解的主要场所;EE2生物降解主要发生在好氧阶段,缺氧阶段EE2生物降解效果不明显.     

污染物负荷对曝气生物滤池处理效果的影响研究

考察了进水有机负荷和氨氮负荷对曝气生物滤池出水水质的影响.结果表明,系统COD、氨氮和TN的去除率随进水有机负荷的增加而下降,在氨氮为28.3～33.6 mg/L、TN为39.0～45.8 mg/L条件下,有机负荷小于3.53 kg/(ms3·d)时,出水COD、氨氮和TN分别小于50、5、15 mg/L,去除率分别在85%、85%和65%以上;氨氮和TN的去除率随氨氮负荷的增加而下降,在COD为287.6～313.4 mg/L、氨氮负荷小于0.56 kg/(m3·d)时,出水氨氮小于8 mg/L,去除率在85%以上,出水TN小于15mg/L,去除率在65%以上.     

土壤中零价铁还原3-氯硝基苯的作用

利用零价铁在常温常压下对土壤中的3-氯硝基苯的还原,对反应物和产物随时间的变化及反应的各个影响因素进行了研究。实验结果表明,零价铁能够有效地将3-氯硝基苯还原为3-氯苯胺,反应过程中没有检测到脱氯产物。其反应速率随铁粉用量、反应体系含水量的增加以及反应温度的升高而升高,随土壤初始pH值的升高而降低。在土壤中3-氯硝基苯含量约为2.5×10^-6 mol/g,铁粉使用量为25 mg/g,反应体系中含水量为0.75 mL/g,pH值为6.8时,在恒温生化培养箱(25±1)℃反应5 h后,3-氯硝基苯的还原率达到92.75％。