减排监测体系建设存在的问题与对策

对全国减排监测体系建设的现状进行了较详尽的分析,指出减排监测体系建设中主要存在管理体制不顺、自动监控管理不到位、资金投入不畅等问题,并针对这些问题提出了相应的对策。     

区域尺度农田最大光能利用率参数估算及时空变化分析

基于遥感数据的光能利用率模型被广泛应用于计算农田生态系统的生产力,其结果对最大光能利用率（εmax）参数非常敏感。利用农业产量统计数据、MODIS遥感数据、气象观测数据和植被光合模型（VPM）推算2001~2011年黄淮海3省（冀、鲁、豫）和长江中下游5省（苏、皖、鄂、湘、赣）各市逐年的农田平均εmax,并分析其时空变化特征及其影响因素。研究表明:黄淮海3省（冀、鲁、豫）和长江中下游5省（苏、皖、鄂、湘、赣）各市农田εmax的11a平均值为0.6~2.8 g C·MJ-1,表现出西北和南部较高、东北和中部较低的分布特征;大部分市农田εmax呈现出上升趋势,但上升的幅度存在着明显的年际波动和空间差异;各市农田εmax的年际波动总体呈现北高南低、中间高四周低的空间分布特征。大部分市农田εmax的年际变化与单位耕地面积农用化肥施用量存在显著的正相关性（P < 0.05）;C4作物面积比例变化也是导致εmax变化的原因之一。在利用光能利用率模型计算农田生产力时,需要发展考虑εmax时空变化的参数化方案。     

中瑞排污许可证制度的对比研究

对中国水排污许可和瑞典综合排污许可的审批程序和要求、审批内容等进行了对比分析。重点分析了环境法庭在瑞典综合排污许可申报过程中的作用和功能,以及瑞典排污许可证文件的起草和颁发过程。在此基础上,从政府、企业和公众3个层面提出了瑞典综合排污许可证制度对中国排污许可证制度建设和完善的重要借鉴意义。     

Hydrothermal treatment for inactivating some hygienic microbial indicators from food waste–amended animal feed

To achieve the hygienic safety of food waste used as animal feed, a hydrothermal treatment process of 60–110 °C for 10–60 min was applied on the separated food waste from a university canteen. Based on the microbial analysis of raw waste, the inactivation of hygienic indicators of Staphylococcus aureus (SA), total coliform (TC), total aerobic plate counts (TPC), and molds and yeast (MY) were analyzed during the hydrothermal process. Results showed that indicators' concentrations were substantially reduced after hydrothermal treatment, with a greater reduction observed when the waste was treated with a higher temperature and pressure and a longer ramping time. The 110 °C hydrothermal treatment for 60 min was sufficient to disinfect food waste as animal feed from the viewpoint of hygienic safety. Results obtained so far indicate that hydrothermal treatment can significantly decrease microbial indicators' concentrations but does not lead to complete sterilization, because MY survived even after 60 min treatment at 110 °C. The information from the present study will contribute to the microbial risk control of food waste–amended animal feed, to cope with legislation on food or feed safety.

Implications: Reduction of microbial indicators at ramping time and holding time during the hydrothermal process showed that hydrothermal treatment is an effective method to achieve hygienic feed from food waste to a certain extent, but the conditions researched in this study were not enough for the complete sterilization of food waste, because of the different heat resistance of bacteria and spores.     

高效氨氧化菌群富集、驯化及其动态变化规律分析

利用选择性培养基对氨氧化菌群进行了连续驯化,得到了氨氮去除效率稳定的氨氧化菌群。采用平板菌落计数法结合聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)技术考察了氨氧化菌群在连续传代过程中数量及群落结构的动态变化,并考察了pH值、碳源(HCO3-)浓度和氨氮浓度等因素对氨氧化菌群去除氨氮效率的影响。结果表明,通过连续驯化,氨氧化菌的比例由最初的1.8%提高到了31.3%。在碳源浓度为1.5 mg/L,NH4+-N初始浓度为200 mg/L,pH值为8的条件下,菌群对氨氮的去除率达99%以上。     

中国能源强度变动的就业效应研究

能源强度反映了能源的利用效率,并且可以体现出一个国家及地区的经济发展水平、产业结构和技术进步的综合作用。本文在1995-2009年各省份数据的基础上,利用面板VAR模型脉冲响应函数和面板协整模型分析中国区域能源强度与就业之间的动态作用及其长期均衡关系。结果显示,能源强度与就业之间存在着长期均衡关系;能源强度对就业总量和就业变动率有着负向的冲击,能源强度的降低可以有效拉动中国就业的提高。各个省份之间的能源强度对于中国就业的影响存在显著的差异;影响作用由西向东呈现出梯度递增的趋势。因此,建议通过扩大经济增长的规模降低能源强度,提高就业水平;东部地区应侧重于提高能源利用效率及发展第三产业来增加就业,而中西部地区可以适度降低能源的消费总量,并不会对就业产生较大的冲击;另外,在政策制定和实施过程中,需要注意政策的时滞效应,通过优化工业布局,加强区域间的合作,实现能源强度变动与就业增加的良性互动。     

溶解氧对好氧颗粒污泥影响的研究进展

好氧颗粒污泥技术是一种新颖废水处理技术。溶解氧(DO)是好氧颗粒污泥形成和稳定运行的一个重要参数。好氧颗粒污泥需要的曝气量大,能耗高。高曝气量带来的高DO浓度不利于氨氮通过SND去除。当DO扩散在颗粒内部受到限制时,颗粒中心形成的厌氧层不利于颗粒污泥的长期稳定运行。本文系统分析了DO浓度对好氧颗粒污泥影响的国内外研究现状,对好氧颗粒污泥中DO浓度这一重要参数的研究进行了总结。研究在低DO浓度下保持好氧颗粒污泥的稳定性有利于降低运行成本,采取合适的方法降低颗粒内部的扩散限制有利于增强颗粒的稳定性能。     

好氧+物化组合工艺处理甲醇废水的工程应用研究

通过邳州某二甲醚生产企业的工程实例,介绍了好氧＋物化组合工艺在处理甲醇废水中的应用。该工艺具有处理设施运行稳定、处理效果好的优点,系统出水水质能够达到国家循环冷却水系统补充水水质标准的排放要求,可对二甲醚生产行业的废水处理有一定参考价值。     

Bioremediation of Cd and carbendazim co-contaminated soil by Cd-hyperaccumulator Sedum alfredii associated with carbendazim-degrading bacterial strains

The objective of this study was to develop a bioremediation strategy for cadmium (Cd) and carbendazim co-contaminated soil using a hyperaccumulator plant (Sedum alfredii) combined with carbendazim-degrading bacterial strains (Bacillus subtilis, Paracoccus sp., Flavobacterium and Pseudomonas sp.). A pot experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions for 180 days with S. alfredii and/or carbendazim-degrading strains grown in soil artificially polluted with two levels of contaminants (low level, 1 mg kg^?1 Cd and 21 mg kg^?1 carbendazim; high level, 6 mg kg^?1 Cd and 117 mg kg^?1 carbendazim). Cd removal efficiencies were 32.3–35.1 % and 7.8–8.2 % for the low and high contaminant level, respectively. Inoculation with carbendazim-degrading bacterial strains significantly (P?<?0.05) increased Cd removal efficiencies at the low level. The carbendazim removal efficiencies increased by 32.1–42.5 % by the association of S. alfredii with carbendazim-degrading bacterial strains, as compared to control, regardless of contaminant level. Cultivation with S. alfredii and inoculation of carbendazim-degrading bacterial strains increased soil microbial biomass, dehydrogenase activities and microbial diversities by 46.2–121.3 %, 64.2–143.4 %, and 2.4–24.7 %, respectively. Polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) analysis revealed that S. alfredii stimulated the activities of Flavobacteria and Bradyrhizobiaceae. The association of S. alfredii with carbendazim-degrading bacterial strains enhanced the degradation of carbendazim by changing microbial activity and community structure in the soil. The results demonstrated that association of S. alfredii with carbendazim-degrading bacterial strains is promising for remediation of Cd and carbendazim co-contaminated soil.     

人工快速渗滤系统微生物数量与相关酶活性变化分析

全面研究和监测人工快速渗滤(CRI)系统运行周期内微生物数量和微生物基质酶活性的变化情况。结果表明:(1)CRI系统的微生物数量和基质酶活性基本保持稳定,各深度的微生物数量、脲酶活性和脱氢酶活性基本为1.0×108～4.3×108个/g、5～45μg/g、10～130μL/g。(2)CRI系统的间歇布水方式和低有机负荷是CRI系统不产生剩余污泥的主要原因,而运行周期内微生物的总增殖量与内源呼吸衰减量的平衡是CRI系统无剩余污泥产生的根本原因。(3)建议根据实际情况采用浅翻晒或深翻晒相结合的方法进行维护,防止CRI系统产生剩余污泥。