Impact of wastewater treatment plants on receiving surface waters and a tentative risk evaluation: the case of estrogens and beta blockers

Five estrogenic hormones (unconjugated?+?conjugated fractions) and 10 beta blockers were analyzed in three wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents and receiving river waters in the area of Lyon, France. In the different samples, only two estrogens were quantified: estrone and estriol. Some beta blockers, such as atenolol, acebutolol, and sotalol, were almost always quantified, but others, e.g., betaxolol, nadolol, and oxprenolol were rarely quantified. Concentrations measured in river waters were in the nanogram per liter range for estrogens and between 0.3 and 210 ng/L for beta blockers depending on the substance and the distance from the WWTP outfall. The impact of the WWTP on the receiving rivers was studied and showed a clear increase in concentrations near the WWTP outfall. For estrogens, the persistence in surface waters was not evaluated given the low concentrations levels (around 1 ng/L). For beta blockers, concentrations measured downstream of the WWTP outfall were up to 16 times higher than those measured upstream. Also, the persistence of metoprolol, nadolol, and propranolol was noted even 2 km downstream of the WWTP outfall. The comparison of beta blocker fingerprints in the samples collected in effluent and in the river also showed the impact of WWTP outfall on surface waters. Finally, a tentative environmental risk evaluation was performed on 15 sites by calculating the ratio of receiving water concentrations to predicted non-effect concentrations (PNEC). For estrogens, a total PNEC of 5 ng/L was considered and these substances were not linked to any potential environmental risk (only one site showed an environmental risk ratio above 1). Unfortunately, few PNECs are available and risk evaluation was only possible for 4 of the 10 beta blockers studied: acebutolol, atenolol, metoprolol, and propranolol. Only propranolol presented a ratio near or above 1, showing a possible environmental risk for 4 receiving waters out of 15.     

西海固地区可持续发展中的生态环境问题及对策

本文分析了宁夏西海固贫困少数民族地区生态环境的基本特征和影响因素,提出了生态环境整治与建设的基本对策。     

Polar organic chemical integrative sampler (POCIS): application for monitoring organic micropollutants in wastewater effluent and surface water

In this paper, we discuss the advantages and drawbacks of POCIS (Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler) for the evaluation of river water quality downstream of wastewater treatment plants. POCIS proved well adapted to sampling alkylphenols and several pharmaceuticals. Concentration factors and the decrease in limits of quantification, compared to grab water sample analyses, were significant except for hormones, β-blockers and bronchodilators. Promising preliminary results obtained in situ on deuterated atenolol used as a performance reference compound need to be confirmed in-lab. This work confirms that POCIS is a valuable tool for monitoring hydrophilic organic molecules in river and wastewaters.     

Chlorophyll and suspended sediment mapping to the Caribbean Sea from rivers in the capital city of the Dominican Republic using ALOS AVNIR-2 data

This study aims to study the distribution of contaminants in rivers that flow into the Caribbean Sea using chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) and suspended sediment (SS) as markers and ALOS AVNIR-2 satellite sensor data. The Haina River (HN) and Ozama and Isabela Rivers (OZ-IS) that flow through the city of Santo Domingo, the capital of the Dominican Republic, were chosen. First, in situ spectral reflectance/Chl-a and SS datasets obtained from these rivers were acquired in March 2011 (case A: with no rain influence) and June 2011 (case B: with rain influence), and the estimation algorithm of Chl-a and SS using AVNIR-2 data was developed from the datasets. Moreover, the developed algorithm was applied to AVNIR-2 data in November 2010 for case A and August 2010 for case B. Results revealed that for Chl-a and SS estimations under cases A and B conditions, the reflectance ratio of AVNIR-2 band 4 and band 3 (AV4/AV3) and the reflectance of AVNIR-2 band 4 (AV4) were effective. The Chl-a and SS mapping results obtained using AVNIR-2 data corresponded with the field survey results. Finally, an outline of the distribution of contaminants at the mouth of the river that flows into the Caribbean Sea was obtained for both rivers in cases A and B.     

高固体污泥微波热水解特性变化

考察浓度7%、9%和13%的高固体污泥微波热水解特性,通过生化产甲烷潜能(BMP)实验,分析热处理污泥厌氧消化性能的变化.结果表明,微波加热升温速度快,污泥中悬浮性挥发固体(VSS)和悬浮固体(SS)溶解,液相COD、TOC、氨氮、TN和TP浓度增大, pH值降低.水解效率受污泥浓度影响显著,浓度13%的污泥VSS和SS溶解率低于7%和9%的污泥.170℃热水解5min,9%污泥的VSS和SS溶解率分别为23%和18%, SCOD浓度为41g/L, TOC和氨氮浓度达到30g/L和1g/L.热水解污泥厌氧消化性能提高,9%污泥的产气量在170℃、5min和10min比未处理污泥增加27%和30.8%.热水解时间对提高消化性能影响不大,热水解由5 min到10min,120℃、150℃和170℃的产气量分别增加4%、3.6%和5.7%.     

基于实地调研的广东省工业VOC排放清单改进研究

工业源是人为源挥发性有机物(VOC)排放的重要贡献源,然而现有基于统计年鉴数据建立的工业VOC排放清单仍然存在排放源缺失、排放量低估、空间分配精度不足等问题.为了提高清单表征及空间分配的精细度,本文在2014年基于统计年鉴数据建立的广东省工业VOC排放清单的基础上,利用问卷调研方式获取了12000多家工业企业的详细活动水平数据,对工业VOC排放表征与空间分配进行改进,进而建立了基于实地调研和统计年鉴数据相结合的2014年广东省工业VOC排放改进清单.结果表明,改进后广东省工业VOC清单排放量由500927 t增至716470 t,珠三角地区行业VOC排放量增加30%左右,非珠三角地区增加90%左右,其中,炼油及石化行业VOC排放量变化最为明显.改进前清单借助人口密度等空间地理信息为空间分配依据,导致部分VOC排放分配到工业源较少的居民区或市中心;改进后的空间分配优先采用基于经纬度信息的点源分配方法,点源调研数据使得分配后的工业VOC主要集中在工业园区,少数工业VOC排放分配给人类活动有限的偏远农村地区,分配结果更为合理、精细.利用CAMx模型结合实际观测站点监测结果评估此次改进对O_3生成的影响,总体上改进后清单提高了广州、东莞、惠州和茂名等城市的O_3峰值期的模拟浓度,降低了东莞及广州O_3污染时期的模拟偏差,部分被低估的模拟峰值可以提高6～9μg·m~(-3);同时,空间分配的改进也影响了城市间O_3传输模拟.     

Mn-Ce-Fe/TiO2低温催化还原NO的性能

采用浸渍法制备了Mn-Ce-Fe/TiO2.研究了其组分配比、焙烧温度等制备条件和NO进口浓度、空速、O2含量、NH3/NO摩尔比等操作条件对Mn-Ce-Fe/TiO2 NH3低温还原NO活性的影响,并探讨了H2O、SO2对Mn-Ce-Fe/Ti O2活性的影响.结果表明,Mn:Fe:Ce摩尔比为5:2:4、500℃下焙烧的Mn-Ce-Fe/TiO2在无H2O、SO2,NO体积分数为0.1%,空速为5000h～,反应温度为130℃、O2含量为6%、NH3/NO摩尔比为1.1的条件下,NO转化率接近98%,Fe的加入大大提高了催化剂的单独抗水和同时抗硫抗水性能,130℃下,体积分数10%的H2O对该催化剂的活性基本没有影响,转化率保持在96%以上;通硫、水后的400min内,活性仅下降3%.单独通人S02时,该催化剂中毒程度较深.该催化剂有望应用于基本不含SO2的燃气锅炉烟气和不含SO2的硝酸尾气等NO,工业废气的低温脱硝.     

电子废弃物处理地室内外灰尘中多溴联苯醚的污染及其人群暴露水平

2006年10月和2007年10月,在广东省清远市一个典型电子废弃物处理地采集了24个室内和15个室外灰尘样品,分析了其中的17种多溴联苯醚(PBDEs).结果显示,PBDEs在所有灰尘样品中均有检出,室内灰尘中PBDEs含量为230～157 500ng.g-1,平均9 400 ng.g-1;室外灰尘中PBDEs含量为212～25 880 ng.g-1,平均3 311 ng.g-1.与世界其他地区灰尘中PBDEs的含量相比,本研究地区灰尘中PBDEs的含量处在较高水平.BDE209是灰尘中最重要的同族体;与工业品中PBDEs的组成对比显示,灰尘中相对高丰度的八至九溴同族体可能来自BDE209的降解.婴幼儿、儿童和成人通过灰尘对PBDEs的平均日暴露量分别为470、329和188 ng.d-1,婴幼儿和儿童的最高日暴露量(31 500和19 700 ng.d-1)分别是成人的4和2.5倍.灰尘可能是当地人群(特别是婴幼儿和儿童)暴露PBDEs的重要途径.     

安徽省50年日照时数的变化特征及影响因素

利用安徽省80站1955～2005年逐日日照时数、云量、水汽压、降水量及合肥市能见度资料,采用t检验、线性趋势分析等统计方法,分析了安徽省日照时数年、季节、月的变化特征以及空间分布特征;同时分析了可能影响日照时数的气象因子的变化特征。结果表明：安徽省年日照时数呈显著减少的趋势,平均美10年减少88.3h;除春季日照时数变化不明显外,其他季节日照时数显著减少。在20世纪60年代末至70年代初和70年代末都存在明显的突变,且都变少。安徽省日照时数大致呈纬向分布,分布形式为北高南低;除淮北市外,其它各站的日照时数均呈下降的趋势,其中下降趋势最大的是淮北的西部和江淮之间中部地区。能见度、大气水汽压、降水量、云量是影响日照时数的因素;日照时数的显著下降与能见度的下降、大气水汽压的增加、年降水量和年雨日数的增加关系密切,而与总云量和低云量的减少无关。     

青岛市循环经济发展水平综合评价

运用层次分析法,基于减量化、资源化、无害化"3R"理论原则,构建了适合青岛市的区域循环经济评价体系和权重体系,确立了区域循环经济评价分级标准和评判模型,并对2005年青岛市循环经济发展状况进行了分析和评价。结果表明:青岛市循环经济发展综合评价指数为0.7291,处于Ⅱ级水平,即中等循环状态;其下属的三个功能指标评价结果表现为:资源化>无害化>减量化;人均废水排放量、农村秸秆综合利用率、危险废物处置率是影响青岛市循环经济发展的限制因素。