生活垃圾生物好氧预处理技术研究

以快速降低含水率、提高生活垃圾热值为研究目的,利用工程用堆肥料仓作为试验平台,通过控制进仓物料、堆高、通风量、翻堆等反应条件进行生物干化过程,研究有机物的降解情况以及含水率与热值的变化规律.试验结果表明,以原生垃圾为进料,堆高1.5m,通风量0.32 m3/(min·m3),反应进行到第4天进行翻堆,生活垃圾中水分去除率达到16％,热值可提高到5376 kJ/kg.     

多氯联苯污染土壤热脱附预处理过程干化及排放特性研究

利用桨叶式干化实验装置对多氯联苯(PCBs)污染土壤热脱附预处理过程的干化特性进行了研究,结果表明干化温度和搅拌速率的提高均有助于加速干化速率;水分的内部扩散是PCBs污染土壤干化速率的主要影响因素.文章还结合高分辨色谱/质谱联用仪研究了PCBs污染土壤预处理过程中多氯联苯的排放特性,结果显示干化温度升高会促进4氯代到7氯代联苯的释放,并且会增加气相PCBs毒性当量(TEQ) 以及PCBs总量排放百分率.考虑安全和干化效果,干化温度选择在200 ℃以下为宜.     

Fine Dust Filtration Using a Metal Fiber Bed

Abstract

A bed-type filter composed of thin metal alloy fiber was closely examined with dust capturing in cold and hot runs. The investigation of an individual mechanism across the filter bed indicated that the aerated dust could be initially collected by depth filtration, and after a while, surface filtration dominated the overall dust collection. The present metal fiber bed was comparable to the conventional ceramic filters because of its good collection efficiency with low pressure drop. It also showed potential to be used as a prefilter in a diesel exhaust trapping system.     

Assessing the impact of petrol stations on their immediate surroundings

This paper describes a novel methodology for evaluating the extent to which petrol stations affect their surroundings. The method is based on the fact that the ratio of the concentrations of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon pollutants in the air of the petrol stations and their surroundings (basically determined by vapor emissions from unburned gasoline) differs from the ratio found in urban air, which is mainly influenced by traffic emissions. Bearing this in mind, the spatial limit of influence of petrol stations in any direction would be the first point, moving away from the station, where the ratio becomes equal to the urban background ratio. Application of the methodology involves multipoint measuring campaigns of the air at the studied petrol station and built-up area in general and processing the data with software capable of providing isoconcentration contours. The procedure should help local authorities in terms of land management, so that a “belt” can be established around petrol stations where housing or vulnerable populations and activities such as those in schools, hospitals and community centers should be restricted.     

Bioaccumulation and changes of trace metals over the last two decades in marine organisms from Guangdong coastal regions, South China

Trace metal (Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb) exposures, distribution and bioaccumulation were investigated in marine organisms from Guangdong coastal regions, South China. The results showed that all of the selected metals were observed in marine organisms with a predomination of Cu and Zn. The metal exposure levels exhibited obvious variations between species with the decreasing order of crab>shellfish>shrimp>fish. The higher metals enrichment seen in shellfish and crab species primarily attributed to their living habits and the higher sediment background values of trace metals. Endpoint bioaccumulation factor (BAF_fd) was used to characterize the bioaccumulation potentials of marine organisms to trace metals, of which Cu and Zn were the most accumulated elements. The exposure of trace metals in the cultured organisms was far lower than those in wild marine organisms, which is probably due to the effect of growth dilution. Comparisons with previous studies demonstrated that the concentration profiles of most trace metals declined over the last one to two decades, except Cu, that increased indistinctively.     

流化床生物质气化过程的中试研究

在流化床生物质气化炉内 ,用空气进行气化生物质 (花生壳 )的试验研究 ,分析的参数是ER(0 .2— 0 .45 ) ,气化床的温度 (75 0— 85 0℃ )。当当量比ER在 0 .2 5— 0 .33范围内 ,气化燃气热值为 6 .2— 6 .8MJ/Nm3,气体产量在 2 6 0—30 0Nm3/h。并对七种农、林废弃物进行了初步气化实验研究。生成的燃气成分 :CO在 14%— 17%之间 ,H2 含量一般低于10 % ,甲烷含量为 5 %— 10 %。燃气热值多数在 5 30 0— 6 5 0 0kJ/Nm3,气化效率 72 .6 %。实验结果表明 ,流化床生物质气化炉可用于生物质气化     

利用新型电解槽回收废定影液中的银

采用新型辐射状电极电解槽设备进行了电解回收废定影液中银的工业试验,结果表明,银的回收率达99.6%,单位电耗为0.7kW·h/kgAg,电流效率达57.9%。同时,利用回收银后的废液处理含铬废水,出水中的六价铬和总铬都符合国家排放标准,达到了以废治废的目的。     

地下结构震害类型及机理研究

地下结构由于受到周围岩体或土体的约束 ,一直被认为具有良好的抗震性能。但是 ,随着地下结构数量的增多和地下结构震害的频繁出现 ,地下结构的震害问题日益受到世界各国地震工作者的高度重视 ,笔者通过对大量地下结构震害的分析研究 ,对地下结构震害进行了分类 ,并研究了震害的影响因素及机理 ,以期为地下结构的抗震设计提供科学依据和有益的参考。     

含氰废水的脱氮处理

大庆石化公司炼油厂丙烯腈装置所排出的有机和无机含氮化合物,大部分经生化作用转化为氨氮,而水体中过多的氨氮对人和生物有毒害作用。为此,对原装置进行了全面改造,改造后的工艺为“前置反硝化生物脱氮工艺”。废水中的氮化合物通过通过硝化、反硝化作用被转化为对人体无害的分子氮(N2)逸出大气。试验结果表明:改造前,排出水中氨氮合格率为零;改造后,排出水中的氨氮合格率为95%以上。