预氧化+混凝沉淀+MAP预处理畜禽养殖废水研究

畜禽养殖废水由于具有高COD、高SS、高氨氮等特点,属于高浓度难降解废水,不宜直接采用生化处理,需对其进行预处理。试验采用预氧化+混凝沉淀+MAP对畜禽养殖废水进行预处理。结果表明:预氧化+混凝沉淀+MAP沉淀预处理畜禽养殖废水具有极强的可行性,同时当次氯酸钠投加量为1260 mg/L,PAC为700 mg/L,PAM投加量为10 mg/L时,处理效果最佳,并且药剂投加不宜采用同步进行,适宜先进行预氧化,然后进行强化混凝,最后采用MAP沉淀法处理畜禽养殖废水,可以达到更好的预处理效果,提高可生化性。     

应用模式生物检测饮用水源颗粒物的毒性效应

悬浮颗粒物在自然水体中广泛存在,大量小颗粒物(粒径<1μm)可吸附、聚集水中多种污染物,从而形成新的复合污染,影响水生生态系统。已有研究表明,颗粒物粒径越小,传统饮用水处理工艺越难以去除,因此,其表面吸附的污染物也会随之残留在水体中,对饮用水安全产生影响。本研究对南京某自来水厂进水和出水中的颗粒物进行了测定和对比,并选用3种不同种类的模式生物包括发光菌(Photobacterium phosphoreum)、纤细裸藻(Euglena gracilis)和蚕豆(Vicia faba L.),对饮用水源水中不同粒径颗粒物的毒性效应进行了测试。结果表明,传统水处理工艺对小颗粒物(粒径<1μm)的去除效果并不理想;经传统水处理工艺处理后,出水仍显著抑制发光菌发光强度以及纤细裸藻生长,对蚕豆的污染指数较高,可能存在一定健康隐患;进水中颗粒物粒径<1μm组对发光菌发光强度和纤细裸藻生长的抑制效应显著大于粒径≥1μm颗粒物组,蚕豆根尖的污染指数也更高,毒性更强。本研究结果可为饮用水的生物毒性检测和水处理工艺改良提供参考。     

Region-gridding recycling of bulk organic waste: Emerging views based on coordinated urban and rural development

Bulk organic waste (BOW) has a large output in China. The improper disposal of BOW will not only bring serious environmental pollution, but also cause waste of biomass resources. The viewpoint proposes a region-gridding recycling management system of BOW that highlights the coordinated development of environmental, agricultural and energy elements in urban and rural areas. The viewpoint aims to drive the upstream and downstream industrial chains of BOW treatments, avoid the repeated construction of resource facilities, guide the upgrading of resource-based technologies, promote the professionalization of farmers, and thus built the high-quality modern agricultural recycling industrial park based on system management.     

玉米秸秆生物炭对沉积物中BDE-47生态毒性的影响

生物炭对于污染沉积物的原位修复具有很大的潜力,但关于生物炭对沉积物中有机污染物生态毒性影响的研究则较少报道。为评价生物炭对沉积物中BDE-47生态毒性的影响,以底栖动物铜锈环棱螺为测试生物,采用28 d慢性沉积物生物测试研究了不同添加比例的玉米秸秆生物炭(CSB)与BDE-47联合作用对BDE-47生物积累、肝胰脏细胞DNA损伤以及氧化胁迫生物标志物的影响。结果表明,在慢性暴露情况下,CSB对铜锈环棱螺不具有毒性;CSB通过显著降低沉积物间隙水中BDE-47的浓度而降低其在铜锈环棱螺体内的生物积累。在实验浓度范围内(1%～7%),CSB添加比例越高,降低BDE-47生物积累的效果越显著。不同添加比例的CSB均可以显著降低BDE-47对铜锈环棱螺DNA损伤的毒性,较高比例(4%和7%)CSB的效果更为显著,但BDE-47的氧化胁迫毒性不随CSB添加比例的升高而下降。因此,从降低BDE-47生态毒性的角度考虑,沉积物中CSB的合适添加比例为4%左右。     

脉冲通气对污水管道内有害气体的控制

为控制污水管道产生的有害气体对管道设施和周围环境造成的不利影响,通过搭建带有搅拌的反应器系统,来模拟实际污水管道,探究脉冲通气对污水管道内有害气体的控制效果及生物群落变化的影响。研究表明:脉冲通气能有效控制有害气体的产生,在水流速度为0.2 m·s~(-1)时,硫化氢(H_2S)、甲烷(CH_4)、一氧化碳(CO)的抑效果最好,其抑制率分别为98.7%,44.4%,92.5%;在脉冲通气作用下,古菌群落的生物多样性不断减少,细菌群落的生物多样性不断增加;同时,脉冲通气也改变了生物群落结构,其群落结构变化与气相参数的变化是相一致的。     

基于Factsage的金属硫化矿尘爆炸过程产物分析*

为研究金属硫化矿尘爆炸的过程与产物,预防与控制其粉尘发生爆炸,在20 L爆炸球中开展金属硫化矿尘爆炸试验,发现存在磁黄铁矿含量越高爆炸产物颜色越红的现象。为揭示这一现象的本质,应用XRD对爆炸产物进行分析,基于Factsage软件模拟计算黄铁矿矿尘与磁黄铁矿矿尘爆炸过程。结果表明:产物中含有的Fe2O3是主要致色原因;最终产物除固体Fe2O3外还存在气体SO2,SO3,反应中间过程主要固体产物为Fe2(SO4)3;在磁黄铁矿与黄铁矿含硫量相同或质量相同时,Fe2O3的生成量磁黄铁矿较黄铁矿多,且磁黄铁矿含硫量越多Fe2O3生成量越多,模拟计算结果与试验现象一致,研究结果可为分析金属硫化矿尘爆炸过程提供理论与数据支撑。     

论特种设备事故(突发事件)的应急响应与科学处置

为满足基于大数据的特种设备事故推演和预防技术及平台的研发与应用,本文研究了特种设备事故(突发事件)应急处置现状和存在的问题,归纳总结出特种设备安全共性风险,设计和完善了事故响应、控制、预防等应急处置方案与应急救援体系,并进行了实例验证.同时,本文还对在应急处置平台系统上的部署和应用提出了期望.     

Effects of Tourism and Topography on Vegetation Diversity in the Subalpine Meadows of the Dongling Mountains of Beijing,China

Subalpine meadows in the Dongling Mountains (located at E115o26′-115o40′, N40o00′-40o05′) of Beijing, China are important for tourism and the provision of ecosystem services. However, because of poor management serious degradation has occurred on these subalpine meadows. The aim of this paper is to present a quantitative analysis of effects of tourism disturbance and topography on the status and diversity of montane meadow communities and to provide direction for improved management. Sixty quadrats of 2 × 2 m² along 10 transects were set up to collect data on site characteristics and vegetation status. The relationships between community composition and structure, species diversity, and tourism disturbance and topographic variables were analyzed by multivariate methods (TWINSPAN and CCA). The results showed that eight meadow communities were identified by TWINSPAN. Most of them were seriously degraded. The first CCA axis identified an elevation and tourism disturbance intensity gradient, which illustrated that tourism disturbance and elevation were most important factors influencing meadow types, composition and structure. Some resistant species and response species to tourism disturbance were identified and can be used as indicator species of tourism disturbance. Species richness, heterogeneity and evenness were closely related to tourism disturbance and elevation. It is concluded that tourism disturbance must be controlled to enable grassland rehabilitation to occur in the meadows. Measures of effective management of the meadows were discussed.     

内电解法处理含N,N-二甲基乙酰胺工业废水

用内电解法处理含N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(DMAC)工业废水,研究pH、Fe∶C(体积比)、活性炭粒径和水力停留时间(HRT)等对该废水处理效果的影响,并确定最佳工艺条件。实验结果表明:在进水浓度维持在50 mg/L左右,最佳的工艺参数pH、Fe∶C和HRT分别为3.0、1∶1和60 min时,DMAC去除率高达到95%,处理水DMAC浓度小于5 mg/L。处理后废水的可生化性有明显的改善,BOD5/COD由0.21提高至0.66;而DMAC的去除基本符合二级动力学规律。     

污泥厌氧消化液中碳酸盐对回收磷的影响

为探讨污泥厌氧消化液中碳酸盐对以磷酸钙盐形式回收磷的影响,以粉煤灰浸出液为钙源,考察了消化液中的碳酸盐对磷回收过程和磷回收产物性质的影响。实验结果表明,在反应pH为10、反应钙磷摩尔比为1.67、反应时间为10 m in的条件下,消化液碳酸盐浓度为2 400 mg/L(以CaCO3计)时,磷的回收率为78.53%,回收产物中磷含量(以P2O5计)为28.93%;对消化液进行盐酸预酸化使pH达到4及以下时,磷回收率接近100%,回收产物中磷含量(以P2O5计)达到43.08%。消化液中碳酸盐的存在易形成碳酸钙沉淀,从而降低了磷回收率、回收产物中磷含量以及回收产品的纯度;预酸化能够有效地去除消化液中的碳酸盐并降低了其对磷回收的不利影响。