危险废物焚烧厂环境污染控制与风险管理水平评价指标体系研究与应用

采用德尔菲法、层次分析法和五分制综合评分法,构建了危险废物焚烧厂环境污染控制与风险管理水平评价指标体系。从选址、技术和管理的角度,制定了31个评价指标,并归纳为8个准则层指标群,通过计算权重和对评价指标的赋分,实现对危险废物焚烧厂环境污染控制与风险管理水平的量化评价。应用结果表明:华南某市两家危险废物焚烧厂的环境污染控制与风险管理水平分值分别为3.34和4.38,分别处于良好和先进的水平。     

浸没燃烧技术处理高浓度有机废水研究

针对现阶段高浓度有机废水处理困难的问题,提出了一种基于浸没燃烧技术的处理方法,设计制作了1台浸没燃烧装置,并开展了高浓度有机废水浸没燃烧实验研究,探究了过量空气系数、二次风量、燃烧温度等参数对燃烧尾气中CO、NOx排放的影响,以及浸没深度、燃烧温度对高浓度有机废水COD去除的影响。实验结果表明:该工艺对高浓度有机废水中的有机物去除效果明显,温度在900℃以上,浸没深度达到20 cm时,COD去除率可达90%以上。该方法可作为废水处理设备,与生物法等处理技术联用,应用前景广阔。     

利用餐厨垃圾湿热处理脱出液制备液态菌肥研究

以餐厨垃圾湿热处理脱出液为发酵培养基,选用圆褐固氮菌(Azotobacter chroococcum)作为实验菌种制作固氮液态菌肥。测定了圆褐固氮菌的主要生理特性,将其接种于餐厨湿热处理脱出液中进行培养,确定最佳发酵时间,并分别测定发酵的最佳初始p H值、接种量、培养温度、摇床转速、装液量、脱出液与水的混合比例。结果表明:圆褐固氮菌在餐厨湿热处理脱出液中最佳发酵时间为36 h,发酵最佳初始p H值、接种量、培养温度、摇床转速、装液量、脱出液与水的混合比例依次为7.5、1%、30℃、150 r/min、50 m L(250 m L锥形瓶)、1∶1。圆褐固氮菌在餐厨垃圾湿热处理脱出液中进行培养后,可达到液态菌肥的活菌数标准。     

Effects of Cu2+ and humic acids on degradation and fate of TBBPA in pure culture of Pseudomonas sp. strain CDT

Soil contamination with tetrabromobisphenol A(TBBPA) has caused great concerns;however, the presence of heavy metals and soil organic matter on the biodegradation of TBBPA is still unclear. We isolated Pseudomonas sp. strain CDT, a TBBPA-degrading bacterium, from activated sludge and incubated it with ~(14)C-labeled TBBPA for 87 days in the absence and presence of Cu~(2+)and humic acids(HA). TBBPA was degraded to organic-solvent extractable(59.4% ± 2.2%) and non-extractable(25.1% ± 1.3%) metabolites,mineralized to CO_2(4.8% ± 0.8%), and assimilated into cells(10.6% ± 0.9%) at the end of incubation. When Cu~(2+)was present, the transformation of extractable metabolites into non-extractable metabolites and mineralization were inhibited, possibly due to the toxicity of Cu~(2+)to cells. HA significantly inhibited both dissipation and mineralization of TBBPA and altered the fate of TBBPA in the culture by formation of HA-bound residues that amounted to 22.1% ± 3.7% of the transformed TBBPA. The inhibition from HA was attributed to adsorption of TBBPA and formation of bound residues with HA via reaction of reactive metabolites with HA molecules, which decreased bioavailability of TBBPA and metabolites in the culture. When Cu~(2+)and HA were both present, Cu~(2+)significantly promoted the HA inhibition on TBBPA dissipation but not on metabolite degradation. The results provide insights into individual and interactive effects of Cu~(2+)and soil organic matter on the biotransformation of TBBPA and indicate that soil organic matter plays an essential role in determining the fate of organic pollutants in soil and mitigating heavy metal toxicity.     

Determination of 15 phthalate esters in air by gas-phase and particle-phase simultaneous sampling

Based on previous research, the sampling and analysis methods for phthalate esters (PAEs) were improved by increasing the sampling flow of indoor air from 1 to 4 L/min, shortening the sampling duration from 8 to 2 hr. Meanwhile, through the optimization of chromatographic conditions, the concentrations of 9 additional PAE pollutants in indoor air were measured. The optimized chromatographic conditions required a similar amount of time for analysis as before, but gave high responsivity, the capability of simultaneously distinguishing 15 kinds of PAEs, and a high level of discrimination between individual sample peaks, as well as stable peak generation. The recovery rate of all gas-phase and particle-phase samples of the 15 kinds of PAEs ranged from 91.26% to 109.42%, meeting the quantitative analysis requirements for indoor and outdoor air sampling and analysis. For the first time, investigation of the concentration levels as well as characteristics of 15 kinds of PAEs in the indoor air from four different traffic micro-environments (private vehicles, busses, taxis and subways) was carried out, along with validation of the optimized sampling and analytical method. The results show that all the 9 additional PAEs could be detected at relatively high pollution levels in the indoor air from the four traffic micro-environments. As none of the pollution levels of the 15 kinds of PAEs in the indoor air from the 4 traffic micro-environments should be neglected, it is of great significance to increase the types of PAEs able to be detected in indoor air.     

重庆市突发环境事件时空格局及影响研究

基于2009年-2015年重庆市突发环境事件统计数据,研究了重庆市近7年突发环境事件的动态变化趋势、空间分布格局及污染影响特征,讨论了引发突发环境事件内外部因素之间的关系.结果表明:重庆市7年内共发生突发环境事件134起,且呈波动下降趋势,春季和夏季为交通事故和自然灾害高发期;突发环境事件空间上主要集中在主城九区及相邻的区县,渝西、渝东南及渝东北各区县发生次数较少.道路交通事故、设备故障和操作不当是导致突发环境事件的主要因素,主要发生形式为泄漏.污染类型主要为水污染和水气复合污染,污染物出现频率大小为:油类>酸碱类>液氨>苯及其化合物>减水剂>其他各种污染物.     

"十二五"期间辽河流域的典型流域土地利用组成和变化分析研究

在遥感影像数据基础上,采用ERDAS和ArcGIS分析得出"十二五"期间清河、凡河和蒲河3个流域的土地利用组成及变化.结果表明:清河流域和凡河流域土地利用以林地为主,自然类型面积之和占流域总面积比例超过50%,蒲河流域则以耕地和建设用地等人工类型为主,面积之和占比超过80%;"十二五"期间各流域的土地利用类型均存在不同程度自然类型向人工类型转化的现象,清河流域变化最大,蒲河最小.     

中国低中放近地表处置场环境评价方法研究

放射性废物的处置是对其管理的最终步骤.放射性废物处置的基本安全目标是保护人类和环境免受电离辐射的有害影响.开展处置场环境影响评价可以量化它对人体健康和环境潜在影响.通过与IAEA近十几年的最新研究成果相比较,分析了中国低中放近地表处置场现行评价方法的不足,提出了改进方式,并对中国近地表处置场环境影响评价技术研究下一步应开展的工作进行了探讨.     

金属尖化前缘模型主动式热疏导性能试验研究

目的为了更好地解决高超声速飞行器舵、翼前缘及头锥等气动热环境恶劣区域的热防护问题。方法采用主动式热疏导技术,以高温液态合金为工质,设计并制作具有主动式热疏导功能的尖化前缘金属试验模型(R=5 mm)。根据模型外尺寸设计加工一套石英灯仿形加热器和热流测试模型,开展地面热环境模拟试验。结果试件在前缘中心温度530℃左右时具有瞬态启动特性。前缘中心和大面积中心最大辐射热流密度分别为1000 kw/m^2和580 kw/m^2,试件在该环境中长时间受热状态下仍具有较好的热疏导能力。试验后试件无工质泄漏和结构破坏,具有一定的可重复使用性。结论可以此热疏导方式结合现有成熟热防护技术进一步开展工程设计与应用。     

福建省工业CO2排放效率评价研究

运用基于非期望产出、非径向、非角度的SBM-DEA模型,对2005年-2014年福建省工业35个行业CO2排放效率进行评价,然后通过行业效率值动态聚类深入揭示福建省工业行业CO2排放特质,最后提出福建省工业低碳发展的建议.研究表明:福建省工业存在较大的节能减排空间,高效率行业具有技术进步显著的优势,中效率行业效率值受贸易结构影响,低效率行业普遍存在产能过剩的问题.因此,福建省工业低碳转型需要调整能源消费结构、推进低碳技术进步、优化贸易结构、消化过剩产能.