长时间高温热环境考核试验中石英灯阵的破坏及预防

目的 解决220 V-6 kW石英灯管阵列在试件表面1200 ℃持续40 min以上试验过程中的热破坏问题。方法 对灯管破坏形貌进行分析,通过热应力计算找到了爆灯的主要原因。针对现有加热器灯阵中灯头部位的热结构问题设计一套气体强制对流冷却装置,利用流体仿真分析方法获得出气管上不同出气孔孔径在相同间距条件下的气流速度、出气管外空流场状态和有灯阵时的灯头绕流冷却效果,为结构设计提供依据。结果 在相同地面热环境模拟试验中成功进行了考核试验。对比有无冷却装置时的试验结果,对流换热装置能够增加灯管使用寿命,保证试验质量。结论 针对灯头部位进行强制对流保护的方法,能够提高加热器在试验过程中的热环境模拟温度上限和有效试验时间,对高温长时间类热环境试验具有较好的应用和推广价值。     

生态环保政策对经济发展的作用机理分析

理论上,生态环保政策对经济发展的影响是"促进作用"还是"抑制作用",取决于政策类型和力度、产业和企业行业特征、经济发展水平等条件性因素,从长期综合来看,严格的生态环保政策有利于促进和优化经济发展。本文通过对国内外研究进行梳理总结,从生态环保政策对经济发展的影响途径、传导机制、作用条件依赖等方面进行深层次分析解构,研究建立"生态环保政策—企业—产业—经济影响"为主线的逻辑关系链,分析识别生态环保政策影响经济发展的机理和关键因素,以期解释地方经济发展的现实困惑和关键所在,寻找生态环保政策发力点,优化政策制定与实施方式,探索生态优先、绿色发展为导向的高质量发展新路子。研究表明:生态环保政策主要影响企业的生产经营成本和技术创新,对企业影响的方向和程度主要取决于对政策影响的长短期预期、政策成本与技术创新收益对比、企业规模大小和企业性质等条件因素;生态环保政策与产业的升级、转型、转移、淘汰等密切相关,在产业发展不同阶段,环境规制强度对产业结构调整具有短期和长期不同的影响;生态环保政策标准要求或实际执行力度差异与自然地理区位、经济发展水平、市场化程度、地区开放程度等因素导致的区域环境规制强度差异,是引导污染密集型产业转移和产业空间布局变化的重要因素;生态环保政策通过产业结构调整和空间布局的变化对投资、企业生产、劳动者消费等产生影响从而显著影响就业人数和就业结构,改变技能劳动、非技能劳动的要素配置特征,并对地区和产业带来差异化影响;生态环保政策带来的产业结构调整和转移等变化,对贸易量和贸易结构都会产生重要影响。     

Simultaneous removal of ammonia and N-nitrosamine precursors from high ammonia water by zeolite and powdered activated carbon

When adding sufficient chlorine to achieve breakpoint chlorination to source water containing high concentration of ammonia during drinking water treatment, high concentrations of disinfection by-products(DBPs) may form. If N-nitrosamine precursors are present, highly toxic N-nitrosamines, primarily N-nitrosodimethylamine(NDMA), may also form. Removing their precursors before disinfection should be a more effective way to minimize these DBPs formation. In this study, zeolites and activated carbon were examined for ammonia and N-nitrosamine precursor removal when incorporated into drinking water treatment processes.The test results indicate that Mordenite zeolite can remove ammonia and five of seven N-nitrosamine precursors efficiently by single step adsorption test. The practical applicability was evaluated by simulation of typical drinking water treatment processes using six-gang stirring system. The Mordenite zeolite was applied at the steps of lime softening, alum coagulation, and alum coagulation with powdered activated carbon(PAC) sorption. While the lime softening process resulted in poor zeolite performance, alum coagulation did not impact ammonia and N-nitrosamine precursor removal. During alum coagulation, more than67% ammonia and 70%–100% N-nitrosamine precursors were removed by Mordenite zeolite(except 3-(dimethylaminomethyl)indole(DMAI) and 4-dimethylaminoantipyrine(DMAP)). PAC effectively removed DMAI and DMAP when added during alum coagulation. A combination of the zeolite and PAC selected efficiently removed ammonia and all tested seven N-nitrosamine precursors(dimethylamine(DMA), ethylmethylamine(EMA), diethylamine(DEA), dipropylamine(DPA), trimethylamine(TMA), DMAP, and DMAI) during the alum coagulation process.     

山西省自然保护区生态系统格局及稳定性变化趋势研究

掌握自然保护区生态系统格局信息,对于摸清生态环境现状,评估保护成效,进而提出保护对策具有重要的意义。论文以2000和2010年为时间点,利用生态系统转移矩阵和正向逆向转换指数（Positive and Negative Transformation Index,PNTI）模型分析山西省自然保护区生态系统格局转换趋势,并运用Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和净初级生产力（Net Primary Productivity,NPP）分级标准分析生态系统稳定性变化特征。结果表明：山西省自然保护区以森林生态系统为主,其次为草地生态系统和耕地生态系统;2000—2010年间,保护区生态系统格局朝着有利的方向发展,生态系统阻抗稳定性和恢复稳定性也呈增强趋势;保护区植被生长状况得到了较好的改善,且森林生态系统保护区的保护作用最为突出,其他保护区生态系统稳定性较弱,尤其需加强对野生动物保护区的管理与修复。     

A comprehensive classification method for VOC emission sources to tackle air pollution based on VOC species reactivity and emission amounts

In China, volatile organic compound(VOC) control directives have been continuously released and implemented for important sources and regions to tackle air pollution. The corresponding control requirements were based on VOC emission amounts(EA), but never considered the significant differentiation of VOC species in terms of atmospheric chemical reactivity. This will adversely influence the effect of VOC reduction on air quality improvement. Therefore,this study attempted to develop a comprehensive classification method for typical VOC sources in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region(BTH), by combining the VOC emission amounts with the chemical reactivities of VOC species. Firstly, we obtained the VOC chemical profiles by measuring 5 key sources in the BTH region and referencing another 10 key sources, and estimated the ozone formation potential(OFP) per ton VOC emission for these sources by using the maximum incremental reactivity(MIR) index as the characteristic of source reactivity(SR). Then, we applied the data normalization method to respectively convert EA and SR to normalized EA(NEA) and normalized SR(NSR) for various sources in the BTH region.Finally, the control index(CI) was calculated, and these sources were further classified into four grades based on the normalized CI(NCI). The study results showed that in the BTH region,furniture coating, automobile coating, and road vehicles are characterized by high NCI and need to be given more attention; however, the petro-chemical industry, which was designated as an important control source by air quality managers, has a lower NCI.     

东海浅陆架区溶解有机氮的时空分布特征及生物可利用性

通过2014年5~6月(春末夏初季)和9~10月(秋季)在东海浅陆架区的现场调查,分析该海域DON来源和时空分布特征,结合同步进行的船基受控生物降解培养实验,评价了该海域两个季节DON的生物可利用性。春末夏初季和秋季东海浅陆架区DON为总溶解态氮(TDN)的主要存在形式,在TDN中占比均值分别为57.88%±21.42%和66.09%±19.74%。受陆源输入和黑潮水涌升及浮游生物分泌和微生物降解作用共同影响,表层海水DON春末夏初季呈现近岸高、远岸低的变化特征,高值区与长江冲淡水影响范围基本一致;秋季高值区则位于该海域的东北部和东南部;而受长江冲淡水影响显著的调查海域北部DON浓度高于南部;从水体表层到底层DON浓度及其在TDN中的占比都呈现逐步降低的变化趋势。该海域DON的生物可利用性具有较大时空差异性,具有高生物可利用性的DON(L-DON)含量基本呈现近岸高、远岸低的分布特征,春末夏初季和秋季受陆源输入影响显著的海域中L-DON在DON中占比分别达到28.3%和23.6%,高于受陆源输入影响小的海域的1.3%和18.9%。     

基于IVE模型和大数据分析的杭州市道路移动源主要温室气体排放清单研究

利用IVE模型和对杭州市机动车排放管理数据库大数据的分析,得到杭州市2015年各类机动车主要温室气体高分辨率排放清单,分析了排放分担情况及时间变化特征,并利用Arc GIS及杭州市路网信息建立了1 km×1 km网格化空间分布.结果表明,杭州市道路移动源温室气体排放中CO_2、CH_4和N_2O的年排放量分别为818.11×10~4、0.85×10~4和0.07×10~4t,合计856.79×10~4t(以CO2当量计).从温室气体种类来看,CO_2占道路移动源温室气体排放总量的绝大部分,为95.5%;从机动车类型来看,小微型客车对道路移动源温室气体排放的贡献率最大,占72.8%;从道路类型的排放情况来看,杭州市市中心、城区、城郊和郊区中温室气体合计CO_2当量贡献率最高的均为主干路,分别为43.4%、61.8%、58.0%和42.4%.杭州市道路移动源温室气体排放强度均呈现由城市中心向城市边缘递减的趋势,同时温室气体排放量日变化特征明显,均出现弱双峰现象.     

pH对污泥厌氧消化过程中抗生素降解迁移的影响

抗生素作为一种新型污染物,可随着城市污水厂中污泥的处理处置单元最终进入环境中,对人类健康造成潜在威胁.以城市污水厂的剩余污泥为研究对象,考察在不同初始p H(p H=5.5、6.5、7.5、8.5、9.5、10.5)条件下,12种抗生素在污泥厌氧消化过程中降解迁移的规律.结果显示,p H为7.5时,总抗生素去除率最高,为55.7%;p H为5.5时,总抗生素去除率最低,仅为21.7%.厌氧消化后,抗生素明显由固相向液相迁移,且总抗生素去除率与其固相迁移至液相的抗生素含量显著相关.     

粉煤灰提铝中间产物合成4A分子筛对氨氮的吸附行为研究

采用粉煤灰提铝中间产物合成4A分子筛,利用XRD、SEM、热重分析、化学成分分析、阳离子交换容量对4A分子筛进行表征.考察吸附时间、pH、分子筛投加量、氨氮初始浓度、共存阳离子对其吸附性能的影响,研究其对模拟废水中氨氮的吸附效果,并结合准二级动力学方程、吸附等温线研究吸附性能和机理.结果表明,初始浓度为50 mg·L~(-1)、4A分子筛投加量为5 g·L~(-1)、pH值为6~9、吸附时间为80 min时氨氮去除率可达71.34%;随着氨氮初始浓度升高,其去除率降低,吸附容量增加;共存阳离子Na~+、K~+、Ca~(2+)对NH_4~+有强烈的竞争吸附,Mg~(2+)无明显竞争作用.吸附过程符合准二级动力学方程和Freundlich模型.Langmuir吸附等温线显示最大吸附容量为20 mg·g~(-1).