3种杀真菌剂对 AM真菌侵染和黄芩生长的影响

为了合理施用杀真菌剂,充分利用AM(arbuscular mycorrhiza)真菌资源提高中药材产量和品质,减少农药投入和环境污染.本试验在土培条件下,以非灭菌土为生长基质,研究了喷施苯菌灵、苯醚甲环唑和氟硅唑对AM真菌(摩西球囊霉Glomusmossea)侵染和黄芩(Scutellaria baicalensis)生长的影响.结果表明,同一施药条件下,接种摩西球囊霉总体上表现出促进黄芩生长的趋势,但菌根效应因杀真菌剂不同而有差异.不同施药条件下,未接种黄芩生长受到抑制,接种株中,喷施苯菌灵,植株地上部K和地下部Fe含量显著降低;喷施苯醚甲环唑,植株全N、地上部K、地下部黄芩苷和Ca含量显著降低;喷施氟硅唑,菌根侵染率、植株全P、黄芩苷、K、地上部Cu、地下部全N、Ca、Zn和Fe含量显著降低.氟硅唑对摩西球囊霉和黄芩生长抑制效果大于苯醚甲环唑和苯菌灵.说明氟硅唑对摩西球囊霉毒性大.因此,为了减轻杀真菌剂对AM真菌的危害,发挥菌根效应,在达到防治病害的基础上应选用对AM真菌毒性小的杀真菌剂.     

Reversibly enhanced aqueous solubilization of volatile organic compounds using a redox-reversible surfactant

Surfactant-enhanced remediation (SER) is an effective method for the removal of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from contaminated soils and groundwater. To reuse the surfactant the VOCs must be separated from the surfactant solutions. The water solubility of VOCs can be enhanced using reversible surfactants with a redox-acive group, (ferrocenylmethyl)dodecyldimethylammonium bromide (Fcl2) and (ferrocenylmethyl)tetradecanedimethylammonium bromide (Fcl4), above and below their critical micelle concentrations (CMC) under reducing (I⁺) and oxidative (I²⁺) conditions. The CMC values of Fcl2 and Fcl4 in I⁺ are 0.94 and 0.56 mmol/L and the solubilization of toluene by Fcl2 and Fcl4 in I⁺ for toluene is higher than the solubilization achieved with sodium dodecyl sulfate, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and Trition X-114. The solubilization capacity of the ferrocenyl surfactants for each tested VOCs ranked as follows: ethylbenzene > toluene > benzene. The solubilities of VOCs by reversible surfactant in I⁺ were 30% higher than those in I²⁺ at comparable surfactant concentrations. The effects of Fcl4 concentrations on VOCs removal efficiency were as follows: benzene > toluene > ethylbenzene. However, an improved removal efficiency was achieved at low ferrocenyl surfactant concentrations. Furthermore, the reversible surfactant could be recycled through chemical approaches to remove organic pollutants, which could significantly reduce the operating costs of SER technology.     

Biogenic palladium prepared by activated sludge microbes for the hexavalent chromium catalytic reduction: Impact of relative biomass

• Pd nanoparticles could be reduced and supported by activated sludge microbes. • The effect of biomass on Pd adsorption by microbes is greater than Pd reduction. • More biomass reduces Pd particle size, which is more dispersed on the cell surface. • When the biomass/Pd add to 6, the catalytic reduction rate of Cr(VI) reaches stable. Palladium, a kind of platinum group metal, owns catalytic capacity for a variety of hydrogenations. In this study, Pd nanoparticles (PdNPs) were generated through enzymatic recovery by microbes of activated sludge at various biomass/Pd, and further used for the Cr(VI) reduction. The results show that biomass had a strong adsorption capacity for Pd(II), which was 17.25 mg Pd/g sludge. The XRD and TEM-EDX results confirmed the existence of PdNPs associated with microbes (bio-Pd). The increase of biomass had little effect on the reduction rate of Pd(II), but it could cause decreasing particle size and shifting location of Pd(0) with the better dispersion degree on the cell surface. In the Cr(VI) reduction experiments, Cr(VI) was first adsorbed on bio-Pd with hydrogen and then reduced using active hydrogen as electron donor. Biomass improved the catalytic activity of PdNPs. When the biomass/Pd (w/w) ratio increased to six or higher, Cr(VI) reduction achieved maximum rate that 50 mg/L of Cr(VI) could be rapidly reduced in one minute.     

快速预测畜禽粪便肥料成分含量方法研究进展

介绍了3种快速预测畜禽粪便肥料成分含量的方法,包括比重计测定法、电导仪测定法以及近红外光谱分析法。其中比重计法是基于比重与干物质之间较好的相关性进行测量的,因此它是一种间接预测粪便中的总氮、总磷的方法;电导仪预测铵态氮和总钾含量的精度较高,其中猪、牛粪便稀释以后的相关系数高于稀释前的相关系数;近红外光谱分析法则可快速地预测总氮、铵态氮、硝态氮以及水分等含量,并且精度较高。因此,可以用比重计法、电导仪法以及近红外光谱法快速预测畜禽粪便中的肥料成分含量。     

钢渣预处理含铬废水及其废渣与铬渣的固化

用钢渣对含铬废水进行预处理,探讨了钢渣粒度、用量、废水pH值和添加硫酸亚铁还原剂的影响.结果表明,经硫酸亚铁还原处理后再用钢渣处理比单纯用钢渣处理的效果明显提高,采用钢渣/总铬质量比为40的100目钢渣处理经硫酸亚铁还原后的含铬废水,总铬和Cr6 去除率分别达79%和84%,采用钢渣柱进行的两级淋滤实验进一步表明该方法可作为工业上含铬废水处理的预处理段.处理后的废钢渣同工业铬渣一起进行水泥固化,标准养护20 d后固化体表面Cr6 浸出率、破碎至5 mm粒径以下和酸雨淋溶下的浸出液Cr6 浓度均符合安全标准,可作为普通建材或进行填埋处置.     

Probabilistic health risk assessment of nitrosamines in drinking water of Shaoxing,Zhejiang, China

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Nitrosamines (NAms) are potent genotoxic and carcinogenic but widely detected in drinking water. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of...     

低COD浓度废水启动EGSB反应器

以厌氧活性污泥和好氧活性污泥接种于2个膨胀颗粒污泥床(EGSB)反应器中,进水流量为10 mL/min,回流量为180 mL/min,进水COD浓度在180 mg/L左右,有机负荷率(OLR)为1.728 kg COD/m3·d左右,污泥负荷率(SLR)为0.19 kg COD/kg MLSS·d左右,出水COD浓度维持在40mg/L左右,COD去除率达80%以上.控制温度在32～35 ℃,pH在6.8～7.2,反应器内氧化还原电位在-340 mV以下,水力停留时间(HRT)4.2 h,上升流速4.86 m/h以及加入80 mg/L絮凝剂(硫酸铝钾),缩短了启动时间,促进了颗粒污泥的形成.分别经过60 d和120 d运行,反应器启动成功.结果表明,上升流速、絮凝剂和污泥类型对颗粒污泥的形成有影响;接种好氧活性污泥在低浓度COD下,合理控制负荷速率能成功启动EGSB反应器.     

固相萃取和高效液相色谱联用测定污水中的五氯苯酚

采用固相萃取和高效液相色谱相结合的方法对污水中五氯苯酚的含量进行定量检测。结果表明,污水的pH值为4,流速控制在4mL/L以内,C18固相萃取柱对五氯苯酚有良好的吸附保留性能,以2mL的甲醇洗脱,洗脱效率在85%~95%之间。与传统的液液萃取相比,固相萃取的优势在于操作时间缩短、有机溶剂的使用量减少。     

论防震减灾事业的智库

面对严重的地震灾害,我国人民一直在努力探索减轻地震灾害的途径和对策。在地震灾害面前,我们需要一个富有应变能力的决策系统,