郑州市环境空气污染变化规律研究

文章对河南省郑州市大气中的四种污染物臭氧、二氧化氮、一氧化碳和PM2.5的时间变化规律进行了分析,并初步探讨了日变化、年变化规律及其影响因素.臭氧呈现出单峰型变化规律,NO2、CO及PM2.5近似为双峰双谷型.年变化规律表现为单峰型,臭氧浓度在夏季达到最大值,冬季达到最低值,而其余三种污染物在冬季浓度达到最高值,在夏季浓度达到最低值.     

宝鸡高新区春节前后大气中黑碳浓度特征及来源解析

基于春节前后(2018年1月1日—2018年3月31日)宝鸡市高新区宝鸡文理学院站点的黑碳气溶胶(BC)、浊度仪、颗粒态污染物(PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)和PM_(1.0))、气态污染物(CO、NO_2、SO_2和O_3)的逐时数据及常规气象数据,对宝鸡市高新区BC气溶胶的时间变化特征、来源及影响因素进行分析.结果表明,观测期间BC质量浓度的变化范围为0.01—5.62μg·m~(-3),平均浓度为0.63μg·m~(-3).BC与风速和能见度均呈负相关.观测期间BC浓度日变化呈"双峰双谷"型,峰值出现在09:00和19:00,谷值出现在05:00和16:00;寒假前BC浓度昼夜变化整体高于寒假期间和春季开学,可能与寒假前频繁的人为活动,不易扩散的气象条件有关.BC占PM_(2.5)的0.84%,其吸收作用占大气消光的2.14%.除O_3外,BC日平均浓度与PM_(2.5)、CO和NO_2呈显著相关,相关系数分别为0.626、0.623和0.473,说明BC气溶胶与之均有部分共同源.     

应用化学清洗剂去除包气带石油污染物的实验研究

本文探讨了应用化学法清除包气带残油的技术，研究分两个方面，（１）分析包气带土壤与第四纪沉积物对石油烃类的吸附特征，（二）在对单种表面活性剂优选的基础上，确定了清洗效率较高的阴离子－非离子表面活性剂的混合配方，通过一次性淋洗和土柱淋洗实验，了解表面活性剂等清洗剂对油类物质的去除效率。     

混合型微生物絮凝剂产生菌的最佳培养条件

从活性污泥中筛选出具有较高絮凝活性的混合菌MBFH,研究了各种条件对混合菌产絮凝剂的影响.结果表明,混合菌MBFH产絮凝剂的最佳培养条件为:温度30℃、初始pH8.0、摇床转速为120r/min、培养基含糖量2%、相对接种量15%,其对高岭土悬浊液的絮凝率可达到88%.图5表4参9     

濒危植物疏花水柏枝种子萌发的生态学特性

疏花水柏枝Myricaria laxiflora分布于我国三峡从宜昌至重庆段长江干流的消落带,分布区十分狭小.三峡工程兴建后,疏花水柏枝将失去绝大部分的生境而成为濒危物种.通过设置一系列控制实验测试了土壤水质量分数,温度和土壤类型对疏花水柏枝种子萌发的生态学的影响.实验结果表明,土壤水质量分数、温度和土壤类型对种子萌发率都有显著影响.其中种子萌发率随土壤水质量分数增加而增大,土壤水质量分数达到饱和程度时萌发率达到最大值;高温条件下的种子萌发率高于低温,种子萌发率在21～27℃达到最大值;种子在河沙基质上萌发好于在沙土基质上.结合分布区萌发季节的环境条件分析,土壤水质量分数是限制该物种分布于消落带的关键作用因子.据此就该物种的种群保护与重建提出了一些建议.     

城市污泥重金属钝化试验研究

研究了城市污水厂污泥好氧堆肥过程中的重金属钝化规律.由蘑菇渣、磷矿粉、鸡粪、高温菌种与城市污泥组成的试验堆体在微生物作用下快速干化.经过30天的好氧堆肥,试验堆体稳定态铬的比例达到了67~80%,稳定态铜的比例达到了31~41%,稳定态镍的比例达到了49~57%,稳定态锌的比例达到了46~55%,稳定态锰的比例达到了56~64%,污泥重金属的生物活性和毒性减少.生成的复合有机肥施用于园林绿化.图5,表2,参5.     

南京市蔬菜中滴滴涕和六六六的残留及摄食暴露分析

为研究有机氯农药在食物中的残留及人群的摄食暴露,在2015年5月采集了南京市居民普遍食用的10种蔬菜,利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)进行检测。研究表明滴滴涕(DDTs)和六六六(HCHs)在蔬菜中均有检出,∑DDTs的残留量为1.78~5.29 ng·g~(-1),∑HCHs的残留量为0.21~4.77 ng·g~(-1),其中∑10OCPs(有机氯农药)含量最高的蔬菜是藕(10.07 ng·g~(-1)),含量最低的是青菜(2.32 ng·g~(-1))。通过来源分析发现,蔬菜中DDTs可能有新的输入,而HCHs则主要源于历史残留。通过对不同人群的每日摄取量(EDI)进行摄食暴露分析发现,儿童的摄食暴露量要高于同性别其他年龄段人群,在儿童和未成年阶段,男性的暴露量普遍高于女性,而在成年和老年阶段,男性的暴露量低于女性。平均而言,各年龄段人群对γ-HCH和DDTs的日均口摄暴露量(EDI)值远低于联合国粮农组织和世界卫生组织(FAO/WHO)所规定的ADI值,表明在目前蔬菜消费量下,南京市居民通过摄入蔬菜引起的健康风险水平较低。     

Control concept and countermeasures for shallow lakes’ eutrophication in China

Research on lake eutrophication in China began in the early 1970s, and many lakes in China are now known to be in meso-eutrophic status. Lake eutrophication has been showing a rapidly increasing trend since 2000. Investigations show that the main reasons for lake eutrophication include a fragile lake background environment, excessive nutrient loading into lakes, excessive human activities, ecological degeneration, weak environmental protection awareness, and lax lake management. Major mechanisms resulting from lake eutrophication include nutrient recycling imbalance, major changes in water chemistry (pH, oxygen, and carbon), lake ecosystem imbalance, and algal prevalence in lakes. Some concepts for controlling eutrophication should be persistently proposed, including lake catchment control, combination of pollutant source control with ecological restoration, protection of three important aspects (terrestrial ecology, lake coast zone, and submerged plant), and combination of lake management with regulation. Measures to control lake eutrophication should include pollution source control (i.e., optimize industrial structural adjustments in the lake catchment, reduce nitrogen and phosphorus emission amounts, and control endogenous pollution) and lake ecological restoration (i.e. establish a zone-lake buffer region and lakeside zone, protect regional vegetation, utilize hydrophytes in renovation technology); countermeasures for lake management should include implementing water quality management, identifying environmental and lake water goals, legislating and formulating laws and regulations to protect lakes, strengthening publicity and the education of people, increasing public awareness through participation in systems and mechanic innovations, establishing lake region management institutions, and ensuring implementation of governance and management measures.     

复合表面活性剂对污染土壤中柴油的增溶和洗脱作用

研究了3种表面活性剂及其不同浓度配比对五种柴油链烃的增溶及对柴油污染土壤的洗脱作用.结果表明,复合表面活性剂的增溶效果优于单一表面活性剂,其中尤以阴离子表面活性剂SDS与非离子表面活性剂Tw-80的配比效果最佳;随阴离子表面活性剂复合比例的提高,可以有效地降低复合表面活性剂混合胶束的临界胶束浓度,提高单位表面活性剂接纳目标污染物的能力,增大目标链烃分配进入胶束相的倾向,同时有效降低增溶平衡时对表面活性剂用量的要求;高浓度的阴离子表面活性剂具有很高的污染洗脱效率,非离子表面活性剂Tw-80则易被土壤吸附而导致洗脱效率低下,但阴离子表面活性剂SDS与Tw-80配比能够有效地改善Tw-80易被土壤吸附的现象,并随复合比例提高而不同程度的增强污染土壤中柴油的洗脱效果.     

Coupling a land use model and an ecosystem model for a crop-pasture zone

This paper describes the development of a land use model coupling ecosystem processes. For a given land use pattern in a region, a built-in regional ecosystem model (TESim) simulates leaf physiology of plants, carbon and nitrogen dynamics, and hydrological processes including runoff generation and run-on re-absorption, as well as runoff-induced soil erosion and carbon and nitrogen loss from ecosystems. The simulation results for a certain period from 1976 to 1999 were then used to support land use decisions and to assess the impacts of land use changes on environment. In the coupling model, the land use type for a land unit was determined by optimization of a weighted suitability derived from expert knowledge about the ecosystem state and site conditions. The model was applied to the temperate crop-pasture band in northern China (CCPB) to analyze the interactions between land use and major ecosystem processes and functions and to indicate the added value of the feedbacks by comparing simulations with and without the coupling and feedbacks between land use module and ecosystem processes. The results indicated that the current land use in CCPB is neither economical nor ecologically judicious. The scenario with feedbacks increased NPP by 46.78 g C m⁻² a⁻¹, or 32.23% of the scenario without feedbacks, also decreased soil erosion by 0.65 kg m⁻² a⁻¹, or 23.13%. Without altering the regional land use structure (proportions of each land use type). The system developed in this study potentially benefits both land managers and researchers.