糖蜜酒精废液厌氧生物降解生物化学甲烷势分析

在中温条件下,对pH值和营养比例2个影响因素进行了糖蜜酒精废液的BMP分析,探讨酒精废液在厌氧消化过程中产甲烷量、COD浓度的变化情况,以及COD去除率与产气量、pH值之间的关系.研究结果表明,厌氧处理法能够使糖蜜酒精废液的有机负荷大大降低,COD去除率最高可达90.6%.在调节营养比例的条件下,pH=8.5时甲烷菌活性最佳,其中COD:P=300:1的产甲烷量最高.     

间硝基氯苯的分离及其可行性研究

探讨、分析了对、邻硝基氯苯生产废料中间硝基氯苯的可能分离方法 ,确定采用恒沸减压精馏法为最佳。通过大量的实验 ,筛选出了一种合适的恒沸剂 ,并确定了恒沸减压精馏的最佳工艺条件 ,同时还对年产 2 0 0t间硝基氯苯的生产工艺进行了详细的可行性研究 ,结果表明 ,该项目投资小、能耗低、收益高 ,工业化前景广阔。     

糖蜜酒精废液厌氧生物降解生物化学甲烷势分析

在中温条件下，对pH值和营养比例2个影响因素进行了糖蜜酒精废液的BMP分析，探讨酒精废液在厌氧消化过程中产甲烷量、COD浓度的变化情况，以及COD去除率与产气量、pH值之间的关系。研究结果表明，厌氧处理法能够使糖蜜酒精废液的有机负荷大大降低，COD去除率最高可达90．6％。在调节营养比例的条件下，pH=8．5时甲烷菌活性最佳，其中COD：P=300：1的产甲烷量最高。     

基于氨逃逸监测的变比值脱硝控制系统研究

针对选择性催化还原脱硝工艺中被普遍关注的脱硝效果、氨水损耗以及系统控制精度等问题,结合氨逃逸监测系统和变比值控制方案,设计了一套新型变参数-变比值脱硝综合控制系统,改进了原有脱硝控制系统中典型的多回路PID控制方案。在分析了传统脱硝工艺以及典型PID控制方案后,研究了氨逃逸监测系统与变比值控制策略相融合的可行性,设计出了控制系统框图,并将设计的方案投入实际工程中,系统运行结果验证了该方案的有效性和经济性。     

茅岭江流域入河污染源问题诊断及其防治对策研究

通过收集与调查2012年茅岭江流域范围内各类污染源排污及其污染物处理处置情况的基础数据,依据排污系数法和入河系数法核算污染物排放量及入河量.结果表明,城镇生活污染源污染物入河量最大,占总入河污染物量的36.3%;其次为畜禽养殖,占27.6%;第三为农村生活污染源,占13.9%;其它污染源排入的污染物入河量较少,占22.1%.文章还分析了流域内污染物主要来源于上述三种污染源的主要原因,并提出了相应的保护对策.     

Membrane fouling controlled by coagulation/adsorption during direct sewage membrane filtration (DSMF) for organic matter concentration

Unlike the role of the membrane in a membrane bioreactor, which is designed to replace a sediment tank, direct sewage membrane filtration (DSMF), with the goal of concentrating organic matters, is proposed as a pretreatment process in a novel sewage treatment concept. The concept of membrane-based pretreatment is proposed to divide raw sewage into a concentrated part retaining most organics and a filtered part with less pollutant remaining, so that energy recovery and water reuse, respectively, could be realized by post-treatment. A pilot-scale experiment was carried out to verify the feasibility of coagulant/adsorbent addition for membrane fouling control, which has been the main issue during this DSMF process. The results showed that continuous coagulant addition successfully slowed down the increase in filtration resistance, with the resistance maintained below 1.0 × 10¹³ m^− 1 in the first 70 hr before a jump occurred. Furthermore, the adsorbent addition contributed to retarding the occurrence of the filtration resistance jump, achieving simultaneous fouling control and chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration improvement. The final concentrated COD amounted to 7500 mg/L after 6 days of operation.     

A Water Yield‐Oriented Practical Approach for Multifunctional Forest Management and its Application in Dryland Regions of China

Mountainous forest areas are vitally important for water supply in dryland regions which suffer from high erosion risk and severe water shortage. Massive afforestation, mainly for erosion control, may reduce the water yield and threaten local water supply security. Moreover, many over‐dense forests due to a strict logging ban policy have produced remarkably negative impacts for both forests (e.g., low timber quality, restricted natural regeneration, and high stand instability) and water yield. To satisfy the rapidly increasing demands on water supply and other services, a practical approach for managing forest stands in a multifunctional way, which particularly addresses water yielding, is urgently required. For this purpose, we integrated the existing knowledge and experience, designed an “ideal” stand structure to represent multifunctional forest (MFF) and determined its key parameters (a ground coverage of >0.7, a canopy density around 0.7, and an H/DBH ratio (tree height [m] to the diameter at breast height [cm]) of <0.7). Moreover, a decision process for MFF stand management was recommended as: (1) investigating the site quality; (2) identifying the site‐specific main forest functions; (3) quantifying the stand structure; (4) diagnosing the stand structure by comparing with the “ideal” one; and (5) arranging the functions/structure‐oriented management measures. In this way, the water‐yielding function can be improved and meanwhile other forest functions can be promoted.     

水热法合成δ-MnO2及其对重金属Pb2+的吸附作用

用水热法合成δ-MnO2,研究其对重金属Pb2 的吸附性能,以及溶液的pH值、盐浓度对吸附效果的影响,并与无定型二氧化锰对比.研究结果表明水热法可以成功合成δ-MnO2,且具有颗粒微小,无杂质等优点.δ-MnO2对Pb2 的等温吸附结果用多种等温吸附式拟合,结果显示Temkin方程的拟合效果最好.相同条件下,δ-MnO2对Pb2 的吸附量远大于无定型二氧化锰.同一种吸附剂,对Pb2 吸附率随着溶液pH值的增大而增大,随着盐浓度的增加先增加后稳定再减少.     

中国城镇化与区域居民生活直接用能研究

我国城镇化进程持续加快,1996年以来年均增长1.4个百分点,同时,居民生活直接能源消费快速增长。区域发展不平衡使各区域城镇化水平与居民生活直接用能存在差异。本文探讨2000-2011年间城镇化进程对各区域居民生活直接用能的影响规律。根据Divisia指数分解法,将居民生活直接用能变化分解为人口增长效应、城镇化率增加效应、城镇居民人均生活用能变化效应和农村居民人均生活用能变化效应。着重分析了东、中、西部区域城镇化率增加对区域生活直接用能总量变化、各类型能源品种变化的贡献及边际贡献。结果发现:12000-2011年间,城镇化进程对东、中、西部和东北区域居民生活直接用能的贡献分别为4.2%,20.6%,4.1%,-0.01%,人口结构的变动对中部居民直接用能的拉动作用明显;2城镇化率每提高一个百分点,对各区域间生活直接用能贡献差别不大,其中,对东部区域增量贡献最小;3与其他区域不同,中部区域城镇化进程对煤炭消费有增量贡献;东、中部区域城镇化进程对油品消费增量的贡献是西部区域的3-4倍;东部区域城镇化进程对电力消费增量的贡献接近0;4城镇化率每增加一个百分点,对东部地区油品消费增量贡献分别是中西部区域的1.9和2.3倍;对天然气和热力消费增量贡献的情况类似,均是西部区域最高,是东部和中部1.4-2.6倍。研究结论对城镇化进程下开展区域能源管理、节能减排具有指导意义。     

Bioaccumulative characteristics of hexabromocyclododecanes in freshwater species from an electronic waste recycling area in China

Hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) are now emerging ubiquitous contaminants due to their wide usage, persistence and toxicities. To investigate the bioaccumulative characteristics of HBCDs, sediments, Winkle (Littorina littorea), crucian carp (Carassius carassius) and loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) were collected from two streams near an E-waste dismantling site in China, and HBCD exposure test was then conducted on Chinese rare minnow. The concentration of HBCDs was 14 ng g⁻¹ dry weight in sediments, 186, 377 and 1791 ng g⁻¹ lipid weight in winkle, crucian carp and loach, respectively. γ-HBCD was found to be the dominant diastereoisomer in the sediments (63% of total HBCDs). However, α-HBCD was selectively accumulated in the biotic samples and contributed to 77%, 63% and 63% of total HBCDs in winkle, crucian carp and loach, respectively. Moreover, an enrichment of (−)-enantiomers of α- and γ-HBCD were found in the winkle. The reverse results were observed in the crucian carp and loach. Similar observations of diastereoisomeric and enantiomeric composition were obtained in Chinese rare minnow with those found in the crucian carp and loach. These results indicate that the freshwater species from the streams are contaminated by HBCDs. α-HBCD can be selectively accumulated in organisms and the accumulative characteristics are enantioselective among species.